Prevalence Of Stroke In India Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(154) new examples happen each twelvemonth, and around 55 million individuals have encountered shot in the days gone by, either with or without residuary disability. In the vast majority of the created states, cerebrovascular mishap or shot is a typical reason for perish and disablement. Stroke positions third as a reason for perish after chest infection and harmful neoplastic sickness in U.S. We will compose a custom paper test on Predominance Of Stroke In India Health And Social Care Essay or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now An and U.K. The one-year monetary disbursal because of cerebrovascular mishap has been assessed to rise above 7 billion dollars in U.S.A. Predominance rates revealed for cerebrovascular mishap universe wide change between 500 to 800 for every 1,00,000 populace. ( Nolen,2008 ) Stroke is the third prima reason for expire in the United States. It represents around 1,64,000 mortalities yearly. An expected 5,50,000 individuals experience stroke every twelvemonth. Stroke is other than a main source of adult disablement. In United States in excess of 4 million shot subsisters are populating with changing evaluation of disablement. Stroke is socio financially extremely significant in more established individuals. Orchestrating to WHO, shot was the second commonest reason for overall mortality in 1990 and the third commonest reason for mortality in progressively created states ; it was other than the ground for about 4A ·4 million perishes around the world. In 1999, the figure of expires because of stroke debilitated 5A ·54 million around the world, and 66% of these happened in less created states. Stroke was seen as a significant reason for since quite a while ago run disablement and, has possibly enormous enthusiastic and financial impacts for patients, their families, and wellbeing administrations. The case-casualty rate because of stroke fluctuates from 11.7 % to 32.4 % . An expected 15 million individuals overall endure minor shot every twelvemonth and around 4,800,000 in the USA, in which 50 % of cases every twelvemonth are in grown-up females. ( Health Statistics for US,2002 ) The occurrence of shot in the U.S has declined, however there is no lessening in the disagreeableness. Fitting to foundation data it is a taking neurological reason for long haul disablement. ( Davidson,2008 ) . Yearly an expected 50,000 people in Canada experience the ill effects of shot. There is 5.4 million people who have a past filled with shot and up to 3,00,000 shot subsisters in Canada. Every twelvemonth around 16,000 bones from shot in Canada. ( Hock ‘s article, 2003 ) The commonness of shot changes. In the course of the last 30 mature ages at that spot has been an unequivocal expansion in the predominance and rate of shot in India ( The Hindu, March 2008 ) The predominance of shot in India scopes from 40 to 270 for every 100 000 populace. Around 12 % of all shots happen in the number of inhabitants in more noteworthy than 40 mature ages old enough. Significant danger factors are hypertension, hyperglycaemia, baccy use, and low hemoglobin degrees. In significant clinics 2 for every centum of hospital enlistments, 1.5 per centum of clinical enlistments and 9 to 30 for each centum of neurological permissions accounts for stroke.The National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health has brought up that occasions of shot would increment from 1,081,480 out of 2000 to 1,667,372 of every 2015. The ICMR review on Burden of Disease ( 2005 ) has discovered that there has been an expansion in the figure of shot occasions in India during the last one and a half decennaries by 17.5 % . There was other than an expansion in death rate by 7.8 % Dr. Ashok refers to that measurably India might be seeing each piece numerous as 200 shots for each 100,000 cross development of the populace. Dr. RK Srivastava ( 2008 ) evaluated that 3 million grown-up females and 2.5 million work powers overall shakers from shot each twelvemonth, and in created states it is the third commonest reason for expire. In China it is the taking reason for long haul disablement since around 66% of patients require restoration. Right around 10 % of shot patients recouped completely, 25 % indicated minor harm, 40 % had moderate to extreme harms that necessary specific consideration. Dr. D Nagaraj ( 2007 ) talked about on the rapidly expanding shot burden because of changing populace with expanding life expectation. There is a wide variance in the rate ( 13-105/100,000 ) , pervasiveness ( 52-842/100,000 ) of shot over the state and in the past decennaries. Case human passing extents from 11.7 % - 32 % .The ischaemic shots represent 70 % to 80 % . The surveies by the by, have announced a higher per centum of haemorrhagic shots. The individual a large portion of import risk factor is seen as high blood pressure.The commonness of smoking baccy fluctuates from 28 % to 50 % in various surveies and of intoxicant utilization extended from 1.5 % to 47 % . Hypercoagulopathies represented 6 % of shot, hyperhomocysteinemia was recorded to be high in 40 % of storke customers. 57 % of diability have been recorded in many surveies. Shymal K. Das and Tapas K. Banerjee ( 2003 ) directed a populace put together study with respect to shot in Kolkata to occur out the pervasiveness, occurrence and case human demise dangers. The discoveries shows that, the commonness and rate paces of shot in this study are like or higher than numerous surveies led in western states. The whole occurrence human passing rates in India is among the most elevated class of shot human demise known to man. In 2006,105 occasions were identified in a half year in Tamil Nadu, among which 36 % were old enough under 40yrs,39 % were of 40-60yrs old enough. The study shows that 26 % of customers had an old history of shot. 8 out of 11 screened for homocysteinemia. Epidemiologic surveies on shot distributed on equivalent investigated journals during the previous 10 mature ages were recognized using MEDLINE and pubmed chases and were audited using the development of WHO ‘s shot compound Infobase. Orchestrating to WHO, the figure of stroke occasions is proposed to increment from 1.1 million for every twelvemonth in 2000 to more than 1.5 million for every twelvemonth in 2025. ( World Health Organization 2007 ) In 2005, estimations demonstrated that 58 million individuals passed on, in which ceaseless infections represented 35 million perishes ( 60 % ) . Cardiovascular infections, mostly chest illness and shot caused 17A ·5 million expires Stroke is the second prima singular reason for perish, with 5A ·8 million lethal occurrences for every twelvemonth, 40 % of which are in individuals old enough under 70 mature ages. Around 15 million new occurrences happen each twelvemonth, and around 55 million individuals have encountered shot in the days gone by, either with or without residuary incapacity. You read Commonness Of Stroke In India Health And Social Care Essay in classification Paper examplesBy 2025, four out of five shot occasions will occur in individuals populating in these parts. ( International Stroke Surveillance, 2005 ) Around half of shot subsisters endure with significant disablement. Physiotherapy will help in recuperating each piece a lot of movement and guide as could be expected under the circumstances. Neurological shot exercise based recuperation assists with bettering equalization and strolling, expands capacity to execute easy to complex endeavors, chop down issue, harming and solidness. It other than assists with expanding quality, to hold ordinary types of movement, augmentations influenced limbs guide and builds vitality degree. ( Samuel.J et.al,2008 ) The examination laborers other than saw that a large portion of the patients were reliant in run intoing the inner self consideration exercises. Medical caretakers are often in the forepart of stroke guidance. Wellbeing guidance is a basic measure in achieving similarity. Patients comprehension may locate a definitive accomplishment of the restoration and better the ability.Since shot with one-sided loss of motion is a significant activity, the sense of self consideration capacities of a patient ought to be recognized and ought to be instructed to be autonomous in run intoing their ain requests. The examination specialist from her brief time of clinical experience has seen that a large portion of the shot patients have inconsistent cognizance sing causes, heading and bar. In this manner individuals ought to be urged to cognize about these features. Sing the huge figure of patients conceded in the clinic, the exploration specialist is of the supposition that the wellbeing guidance booklet should be readied which will help the patients to get comprehension on cause, course, bar and to better their sense of self consideration capacity. Proclamation OF THE PROBLEM â€Å" A review to gauge the comprehension and to put the inner self consideration capacities of shot patients in Senthil Multi Speciality Hospital, Erode, Tamil Nadu † . Destinations OF THE STUDY To gauge the cognizance of patients sing shot. To put the self image consideration capacities of shot patients. To occur out the connection among cognizance and self consideration capacities of shot patients. To discover the relationship of cognizance and self consideration capacities with chose socio segment factors of shot patients. To fix a wellbeing guidance booklet on shot. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Examination It alludes to factual estimating of comprehension of patients about shot Information It alludes to patients mindfulness sing hugeness, causes, peril components, imprints and manifestations, analytic advances, course and bar of optional shot assault. Stroke It alludes to a neurologic adjustments brought about by a break in the blood gracefully to a segment of the encephalon. Hemiplegia It alludes to neurological deficiency in which there is practical disablement of one side of the natural structure. Assignment It alludes to an activity or strategy of finding the inner self consideration capacities of shot patients. SELF CARE ABILITIES It alludes to those exercises that the patient can execute autonomously. Patients It alludes to customers conceded with shot and getting mediation for multiple hebdomads. Wellbeing EDUCATION PAMPHLET It alludes to data in a composed signifier sing definition, causes, risk factors, clinical indications, emergency clinic heading a

Food Scarcity in Djibouti

Food Scarcity in Djibouti Djibouti is a little parched nation in Eastern Africa. It has critical and helpful transshipment offices at the mouth of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Its earthbound neighbors are Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. Oceanic neighbor is Yemen. Djibouti has an advantageous geological situation in methods for exchange. Its capital and principle port Addis Ababa move around 60 percent of Ethiopian fare merchandise. Djibouti has a great deal of issues. Its atmosphere is bone-dry. There are scarcely any rich terrains in Djibouti. Neighboring Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia force extra strain in the district. Clashes among Somalia and Eritrea antagonistically influence Djibouti. Reciprocal ties among Djibouti and Eritrea were suspended in the time of 1998-2000. Such precariousness hurts Djibouti and bothers its monetary slacking. Djibouti’s populace involves two primary ethnical gatherings: Muslim clan Issai with Somalian source and Afars with Ethiopian starting point. Shortage of food and water are the most extreme issues in Djibouti. There is additionally absence of ability in managing these issues (Zoungrana, 2013). High joblessness and high food costs fuel the circumstance. The nearby government is appeared to be not able to improve the circumstance. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET) reports, that Djiboutis urban focuses like Balbala, Radiska, and Baulaos endure food instability. Also, country regions experience food uncertainty, as well. Imed Khanfir, a program counsel with the UN World Food Program (WFP) reports, that around 42,600 individuals are seriously food uncertain with 24,300 others tolerably food unreliable in Djibouti. A general populace is 774,389 residents by 2012. USAID give Djibouti food help for 150,000 or one-fourth of the general Djibouti’s populace. Temperamental financial circumstance is irritated by the moment danger of the common war between the clans of Issais and Afars. Therefore, the pioneer of ethnic gatherings managed to share positions in the legislature. At the point when the president is Issais’ delegate, the executive must be of Afars’ birthplace. The Cabinet of Ministers positions additionally should be disseminated among Issais and Afars. In 1990s Issais figured out how to usurp the entire government. This reality caused Afars’ shock and incited a common war in Djibouti. Another Djibouti’s issue is an undemocratic and dictator propensity. Djibouti’s president Ismail Omar Guelleh has just served two terms as a leader of the nation, however 2010 Constitutional correction permitted him to be reappointed for the third term. By the by, global network and U.S. are appeared to endure such circumstance due to the Guelleh’s consent to raise US army installation and hostile to psychological militant community in Djibouti. U.S. army installation got solidness the locale, however didn't wipe out all issues and dangers. From one perspective, Djibouti was seriously influenced by the dry spell which hit the district in 2011. The quantity of dry season impacted individuals rose from 120,000 of every 2010 to 206,000 out of 2011. Dry season sway was bothered by a huge deluge of outcasts escaping the contention and dry spell in Somalia and other neighboring nations. This includes colossally to the weight the as of now overstretched social assistance framework. Another enormous issue in Djibouti is its administration failure to react rapidly the circumstance because of the races. Each political race makes government falter and actualize various activities gradually. Appointive procedure makes government inert and unfit to comprehend the dire needs of its kin. Each new political race causes a discount rearrangement of the administration, which starts a lot of new government activities which likewise had the impact of diminishing the administration responsiveness. Then again, GDP development remained moderately adequate however it dropped shy of desires in 2011. The normal GDP development in time of 2005-2010 was around 5%. Following five years of development, economy eased back to 4.6% development in 2011 against an anticipated pace of 5.1%. The principle ensures for development were outside direct venture (FDI), predominantly from Gulf Cooperation Council nations, into ventures situated around the port and development and in the travel industry division. Concerning per capita salary, the development of the economy arrived at 1263 USD in 2010, qualifying Djibouti for center pay nation (MIC) status under global grouping. Military nearness of France, the USA and Japan ensure Djibouti’s economy extra critical income. Populace development is evaluated at 2.18 percent consistently. Djibouti Human Development Index was 0.430 in 2011, positioning the nation 165 out of 187 nations. In 2010, future was 58 years, while mean long periods of school training was 3.8. UN despite everything has no information concerning the sizes of destitution in Djibouti in 2013. As per the time of the previous five years, the circumstance didn't improve, yet weakened further in 2013. The general measure of individuals living underneath the national neediness line dramatically increased somewhere in the range of 2002 and 2009 while the pace of individuals living beneath the across the nation outrageous destitution line expanded also over a similar period. C learly the monetary development of the ongoing past has not yet influenced the neediness decrease for the enormous piece of the populace. The Government is appeared to disregard all the conceivable outcomes in growing the compassionate help considering the military nearness in the nation. New center salary nation status has shut access to many award and concessionary loaning. MIC status is truly temperamental as indicated by an immense measure of individuals living beneath outrageous destitution line. There are no new global NGOs set up activities since 2011 regardless of the dry spell crisis. The administration should take more think about including global NGO. Therefore, Djibouti’s government continues depending on UN support for specialized help with key circles identified with destitution mitigation. UN help the Djibouti’s government to collect assets from givers to address compassionate necessities of the most unprotected gatherings, impacted by the intermittent dry seasons. Subsequently, Djiboutian families continue encountering solid food related financial weights. The normal expense of the fundamental food crate in 2011 stayed well over the normal expense for the past five years. In 2011, the dry season crisis that hit the locale of Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia further bothered the uncomfortable circumstance of the most defenseless fragments of the populace, especially those dwelling in the country regions. The dry spell incited the proceeded with collection of animals misfortunes (near 80 percent of the cows in certain zones) with a comparable effect on the occupations of the roaming populace. Rustic occupants continue moving to the urban regions expanding urban joblessness (60%) and neediness (42.1% extraordinary destitution). Accordingly, the UN Country Team needed to commit an expanded measure of time to collect assets to help compassionate intercessions in 2011. Moreover, the dry spell and compounding weakness in South Somalia continued inciting increments in the quantity of exiles invading Djibouti. The amount of evacuees in the Ali Addeh camp rose from 12,000 to more than 14,000 through the span of 2010 and to 19,500 outcasts toward the finish of 2011, a huge increment for a nation of 818,159 individuals. Furthermore, the deluge of transients from Ethiopia, hurrying towards Djibouti City, in look for of business, and Yemen, the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia) through the Bab el-Mandeb Straits likewise proceeded, and arrived at awesome figures at specific focuses in the year. The common war danger follows Djibouti since 1991. Afars’ minority battled with Issa-ruled government. The contention finished by consenting to a harmony arrangement in 1999 and choosing another president. Along these lines, intermittent inundation of new displaced people and settlers from the neighboring nations reignites the contention over and over. Harmony understanding didn't wipe out nearby savagery. Ethiopian military activity in Somalia influenced Djibouti contrarily. Populace was separated in their help of the belligerents. Djibouti has countless individuals contaminated by HIV/AIDS. Around 1 percent of the populace lives with HIV (roughly 7,700 residents [6,200-9,400]). The most defenseless gathering is youngsters, conceived by HIV/AIDS tainted moms. The UN Refugee Agency endorses the principle goals and focuses for 2014 for Djibouti. Among the principle objectives is refusal in refoulement and access to the evacuee camps in Djibouti. Consistently there are up to 400 new displaced people in Djibouti from southern Somalia. Around 2,700 evacuees from Ethiopia and Eritrea additionally look for shelter in Djibouti. The UN bodies give customary trainings to Djibouti’s staff so as to help guest watchmen and law-requirement authorities. All evacuee kids must be furnished with birth authentications. Djibouti’s government with the UN Refugee Agency help should give fundamental needs and basic administrations to the exiles. Essential needs incorporate sanitation and cleanliness conditions. The Holl-Holl and Ali-Addeh camps were given around 2,000 family toilets and 200 trash pits. In any event once every month UN workers direct cleanliness mindfulness battles and camp clean-ups. Sanitation mediations must be visit so as to sh ield displaced people from wellbeing perils. Djibouti’s issues are appeared to make endless loop. From one perspective, bone-dry atmosphere and nonattendance of oil stores confuse hugely the financial development in Djibouti. Local precariousness, common war, over the top immigrants’ inundation bother the circumstance. The administration has no money related assets to prompt modern advancement not to mention nature assurance issues. 40 percent of residents live underneath the extraordinary destitution line. 1 percent is tainted by AIDS/HIV. Djibouti’s GDP develops,

What can you do in four years

What can you do in four years Okay, now for the next post addressing one of your requested topics. Question: What about Are Four years enough to get advantage of all the resources MIT has to offer for a student? In a word, no. No matter how much you take advantage of what MIT has to offer, there are going to be classes that you wish youd taken, programs that you wish youd done, activities that you wish youd tried, people that you wish youd gotten to know better or would have liked but never got a chance to meet, and more. The key is to try to maximize what you do get out of MIT. For example, I think that Ive done an okay, if not great, job taking advantage of IAP. IAP provides a huge number of experiences to take advantage of. Here is what I have done during IAP as an MIT student. Freshman year (IAP 04): Took 18.02A for 12 units. Re-learned to ice skate. Practiced intensively for crew (I was on lightweight crew as a freshman). Not really the most exciting IAPI didnt fully understand how much there was out there. Sophomore year (IAP 05): Took a PE class in foil fencing. Attended a few classes with MITs American Jiu-Jitsu Club, including a knife defense one that I went to because it sounded exciting. :) Participated in Mystery Hunt as a member of the team Project Electric Mayhem. Worked on building cat shelters and fixing bikes for poor kids with Alpha Phi Omega. Took a guided tour of the MIT Cogeneration Plant. Junior year (IAP 06): Did Mystery Hunt again. Competed in MASLab, an advanced robotics class/competition. Played in the Assassins Guild 10-day game. Sounds fun, right? But there are a bunch of things I have not done during IAP that would have been fun or useful to do, including the glassblowing class that I felt like half the freshmen on 5th East did last year, an IAP UROP or internship, various SIPB classes, and 2.670. Ive been at MIT for three years. Some things that I have and havent done, broken down by category Housing Yes: Found a wonderful living group that has been so much more than merely adequate to me. Participated fully in Dorm Rush and Hall Rush as a frosh. Fought in the annual water war during Dorm Rush. Helped build stuff for Dorm Rush. Helped out with parties on my hall. Helped choose new housemasters for my dorm. Painted my room. Helped repaint the black section of the hall black. No: Never been a hall chair, a hall rush chair, a dorm rush chair, or a member of my dorms exec. Never designed and painted a hall mural (at least not yet I still have another year). Never built anything really nifty for my room. Didnt really do FSILG Rush. Classes (that I wanted to take) Yes: Took 6.001, 6.004, and MASLab. Took upper-level poli sci classes. Took a lot of cool course 9 classes. No: Never took 6.002. Never took any MechE classes (which I wanted to). Never took 4.301 or Concert Choir. Never took 6.805. Research Yes: Did a UROP, and in fact did multiple UROPs. Did an engineering-related UROP (in a joint Brain Cognitive Sciences/Nuclear Engineering lab). Did autism-related research, which I have always wanted to do because my brother is autistic. Did research in a foreign country. No: Never published a paper (at least not yet). Never got a patent. Never worked at the Media Lab. Never did iGEM. Activities Yes: Did lots of student government workand accomplished tangible results. Was Undergraduate Association Vice President. Played a varsity sport (if only for a year). Been in APO and the Assassins Guild. Was a chapter editor for How to GAMIT. Wrote an article for Voodoo. Am on the MASLab teaching/lab/development staff. Was published in the Tech. No: Never got around to joining American Jiu Jitsu (maybe some day Ill fix that). Wasnt in any of those special learning communities like ESG or Terrascope. Havent written a Guild game yet. Never played an intramural sport. Didnt get to be Undergraduate Association President. Professors Yes: Met and/or took classes from lots of interesting and famous professors, including Nobel Laureate Philip Sharp (I didnt take a class from him, he was my freshman advisor). No: Lots more interesting and famous professors that I havent met or taken classes from. So dont worry about whether youll be able to take advantage of everything MIT has to offer for you. You wont. Even if you stay at MIT for grad school, you wont. Just do what you can. Build memories. There is always more to do. You will never have to feel like theres not enough out there for you. :)

Tree Removal and Felling Process Understanding Laws

It is very hard to know the legal ramifications surrounding removing a tree, even one you own. Some green communities have very strict laws pertaining to tree removal and are associated with major fines. Some areas, usually rural, have no rules and regulations. There is a massive gray area in-between so find out what your community expects when a tree is removed. Protective tree ordinances are usually enforced by the city or the county via a council or local board. A hired tree professional will inspect for noncompliance upon complaint but will also council you about the problem tree. This means that if you live within the limits of any city you need to contact your city council members or tree board. If you live in an unincorporated portion of your county you will need to contact your county commissioners office. You might also check to see if your city is certified under the Tree City USA program. Reasons for Supporting Tree Removal Legislation: It is only natural that many tree owners feel some frustration about what they can or cant do with their own personal trees. Atlanta Trees lists some very important reasons for community tree planning and a tree removal process. Here is a list reasons for supporting your local tree protection ordinance: Regulations protect older, healthy heritage specimen trees in the urban forest that have significant historic or aesthetic value.Regulations require planting and protecting shade trees in a  parking lot and street hot zones.Regulations protect trees during construction in many communities that promote their urban forest.Regulations in many urban communities with limited tree numbers require replanting when trees must be cut.Regulations control set community legislation for no net loss of shade trees over time. Cutting a Tree When There Are Tree Regulations You now need to contact a community arborist or your urban forester before cutting a tree. They will approve or disapprove your project based on local rules and regs. Also, you might consider using a professional tree cutter. A reputable commercial arboricultural company will know the local laws and can guide you in taking the next step. Remember, there are times when you should let a professional tree cutter do the job for both your safety and to prevent property damage. You should leave it to a professional when: A tree is too close to personal property or utility lines.A tree is very large and tall (over 10 inches in diameter and/or over 20 feet tall).A tree is undermined by insects and/or disease.You have to climb a tree to limb or prune.

Anti Islam Sentiments On American Culture Essay - 1696 Words

Though there is a seemingly massive amount of people who have just now come out with anti-Islam sentiments, it is clear that this is not really the case. Citing the radical policy suggestions and bans suggested by Donald Trump, there is also reference to American history and how the citizens of America are, unlike Europe and Asia, products of immigrants who chose to come to America (aside from slaves and Native Americans). Citing journalist Rose Wilder Lane in 1936, they take her quote that says Americans are â€Å"The most reckless and lawless of peoples†¦we are also the most imaginative, the most temperamental, the most infinitely varied† . The idea is not that American ethnocentrism is a product of immigrants establishing a hierarchy to benefit those that are in the majority. The report also provides a chart that encompasses attitudes of Muslims toward Americans and Americans toward Muslims (Figure 5) . From the chart we can see that Muslims have a significantly more n egative view of Americans than Americans do of them, which again can be attributed to media attention and different international decisions that affect the world. Though the report it is obvious that there is a disconnect between those that agree with the discrimination of Muslims in society and those that oppose it. But from the report is seems rather clear that the rise is ISIS, the Presidential election, and the United States call for surveillance on Muslims have created a sense of distrust among those thatShow MoreRelatedThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1927 Words   |  8 Pagesstiffen, lips curve downwards, brows furrow, and the word â€Å"terrorist† comes to mind for many Americans. Since the tragedy of 9/11 thirteen years ago, Americans have generally become even more fearful of Muslims, and after wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the public opinion of Muslims tends to be more negative. 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Noted Islamophobes, such as Bill Maher, insist that the supposed doctrine of Islam impedesRead MoreReligion Is The Idea Of Faith1530 Words   |  7 PagesReligion is universal in our society. It dates back to the beginning of the culture itself making it an ancient institution. It s interested in the shared beliefs and practices of individuals. It’s own response to elements in life and environment that are beyond th eir ordinary understanding. Foundation of all religions is the idea of faith. By faith, one is differentiated from other beings. It is an important subject and private matter. Religion is joined with all aspects of human life such asRead MoreArticle Review : The List Created By The Runnymede Trust Runs2045 Words   |  9 Pagesthis country and around the world. Anti-terrorism legislation in the United States, and to an even greater extent in other countries like France and Switzerland, has become a vehicle for Islamophobia and creates even greater hardship for Muslims everywhere. On a social level, the Runnymede Trust’s forewarning of Islamophobia becoming more respectable is actualizing. Intellectual Islamophobia in the ilk of Bill Maher is becoming increasingly popular in American culture, and it runs largely on the views

Hrm 531 Training and Mentoring Program Free Essays

Training Mentoring Program Student HRM 531 April 4, 2011 Instructor Training and Mentoring The merger between InterClean and EnviroTech is fast approaching. Our two companies will soon be crossed trained in various functions and positions within the newly formed organization. We have individuals from both organizations who have strong sales and leadership skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm 531 Training and Mentoring Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, InterClean executives need to balance growth and sustained success both locally and worldwide. In order to do that, it is necessary to establish a training program for the newly formed sales team. Cascio (2005) explains that identifying content, design, types of learners and what it will do for InterClean are some of the targets to reach for. The real measure however, Cascio explains, lies in the results obtained, in this case how well we perform as a sales team (page 317). As we move forward in this memo, we will explain the importance of evaluating the value of the training program. Since this is a step-by-step process we will break the subjects into the following areas, assessment, training, capabilities, implementation and evaluation. Assessment of the Training Needs The goal of training assessment needs is to identify areas where the new sales team will need additional support. For instance, since this new sales team is a meld of experienced sales representatives from both organizations, each sales representative has his/her unique style and ability. The next few paragraphs will identify and talk about the training needs identified. Training – Orientation First, InterClean believes that an employee orientation is in order. Introducing our new sales associates to InterClean procedures and methods of operations and expectations will answer many pending questions. Although some of the newly formed team are from InterClean, it is important to have everyone in the sales team be included in the orientation training. Cascio (2005) believes that there are three major areas in which to focus when providing an orientation: Company Standards, Social Climate, and Technical Aspects (page 317). Specifically, job performance skills identified within the team include familiarization with InterClean standards and expectations. These standards and expectations, including company goals, are not the same as when InterClean began and it is imperative that all sales team members attend this training. This will allow employees understand company policies, goals and expectations. The topic of social climate allows for the team to understand the group dynamics and hopefully begin blending of customs, attitudes and behaviors. Training in technical aspects will give all sales team members an advantage as they will be fully prepared to answer questions about both products and services as well as demonstrate use. All team members are expected to complete the Orientation training since the dynamics of the company are changing. Training – Customer Service Customer Service training has been identified as one of the most crucial training areas within the InterClean sales team. There are several members of the new team who have excellent customer service skills. They will however, need to consider how to maintain consistent communication with the customer so that one sales associate will provide the same service as the next. Having a positive relationship with the customer will provide a solid foundation which will help the sales team focus on â€Å"helping the customer† vs. â€Å"selling to the customer. † This concept will help InterClean realize the 40% growth expected through the merger of the two companies. Cascio (2005) suggests that improving customer satisfaction, identifying customer needs, satisfaction and building better customer responsiveness is a paramount to improving the bottom line (page 292). All employees are expected to complete the Customer Service Training. Training – Team Building The new sales team will be learning to face challenges together and work as a cohesive, organized team. To reach this goal, it is imperative that the sales team, including management, undergo team building training. Providing training for everyone in the sales team, team members can learn behaviors that will help each other. For instance, asking for help is sometimes hard, yet working within a team it is imperative that we have that ability. We lean on each other for ideas, creativity, technical skills and input. It is so important to consider the ideas of others; brainstorming often fosters free thinking, ideas, and asking questions. (Cascio 2005 pg. 288) Training – Leadership Record Keeping Training in leadership will be offered to the Vice President of Sales, Sales Manager and the Trainer/Outside Sales Representative. The training sessions for the three individuals will focus on team building and leadership. The VP of Sales and the Manager need additional training in record keeping. Organizational Capabilities InterClean has the resources to complete the above described training. The Vice President of HR has developed a strategy plan which will align the two companies with the most qualified individuals. This plan includes a detailed job analysis, skills assessment and a selection of the top members of the sales force. In addition, HR has developed a training program based on the training needs of InterClean. Statement of the Training Objectives Orientation Objectives †¢ Increase awareness of company goals, expectations and vision †¢ Employees will develop a sense of purpose and focus Provide employees with latest rules and regulations related to products and services †¢ Provide a record of training in company standards, expectations, method of operation and regulations related to products and services Customer Training Objectives †¢ Increase customer satisfaction through improved business relationships with the customer †¢ Increase repeat business through higher level of customer satisfaction †¢ Increase consistency between sale s associates so all customers receive identical core services †¢ Increase sales by 10% first year and 40% by end of second year Record Keeping Objectives Introduce methods related to maintaining accounts †¢ Increase record keeping accuracy Team Building Objectives †¢ Allow team to get to know each other †¢ Emphasize individual leadership and initiative †¢ Increase interdependence and thereby cooperation †¢ Give team members tools to help problem solve Method of Implementation The training program will be announced within the next seven days. The course will be outlined over a two-day period with follow up sessions available for product information and sales. Three sessions (Orientation, Customer Training and Team Building) will include the entire sales force, while Record Keeping training will include VP of Sales, Sales Manager and the Trainer (for a portion thereof). Methods of Instruction †¢ Seminar †¢ PowerPoint †¢ Group exercises †¢ Role Playing †¢ Guest speakers (product development, laws regulations, EnviroTech) Instructors †¢ Janet Durham – leadership and previous sales skills †¢ Tom Jennings – Planning for global dominance †¢ Sally Lindley – Partnerships Training Location †¢ EnviroTech facility Duration of Training 2 full days, with 1 week breakout sessions tailored to mentor students Record Keeping (related to training) †¢ Sign in Sheets †¢ Copy of each presentation †¢ Duration of training †¢ Document of videos, speakers, etc †¢ Video tape training sessions where appropriate Evaluation of the Program’s Success Assess Potential Succ ess We will be able to assess the potential success of the training program through several avenues. One being a series of feedback from the attendees. In addition, pre-test to measure knowledge, skills and ability prior to training and post-tests to evaluate increase knowledge, skills and ability after training. As trainees venture into role-playing and practicing with the techniques, they will begin to discover potential pitfalls and relative improvements. Demonstration of techniques learned is crucial to success. Another measurable activity will be an increase in the number of sales. The overall success of the training program will be evident in the increase in profits. Reinforcements †¢ Rewards for reaching sales goals, both individual and group †¢ Promotion to senior levels, stability on the senior level is determined by consistently meeting goals. Conclusion As the training program evolves, so do the employees. With the strong leadership and sales skill present within the team, success is immanent. However, the success of the sales team is only as good as the training and support system provided by InterClean. In this memo we have outlined the training program we believe will assist the new team to take on the challenge of both product and service and provide the customer with everything they need. Reference Cascio, W. F. (2005). Managing Human Resources (7th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. How to cite Hrm 531 Training and Mentoring Program, Papers

Relationship Between Real Interest Rates -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Relationship Between Real Interest Rates? Answer: Introducation In Australia, the RBA uses interest rate as a monetary policy tool. More precisely, the monetary authority utilizes the tool to influence the level of aggregate demand and economic activity within the country. Thus, lowering the interest rate level in the country would act as an expansionary monetary policy that boosts the level of aggregate activity in the economy. Specifically, a low interest rate regime will bring about an increase in the level of investment spending and business investment in Australia. Fundamentally, this is due to the fact that low rates of interest would enable banks to lend more funds to firms and individuals, thereby facilitating an increase in the level of investment in the country. Firstly, low interest rates make it cheaper for businesses and individuals to borrow from commercial banks. In turn, this stimulates the level of household spending and business investments in the country. Since businesses can easily borrow funds at a low cost, they are able to invest more and expand their enterprises. Likewise, households have a cheap access to funds, and can therefore easily borrow money to purchase products from businesses. In turn, this boosts the level of demand for services and goods, forcing businesses to invest more funds to meet the increased demand. Mainly, it occurs because individuals have access to loans, and can, therefore, increase their level of spending. In this regard, lowering the level of interest rates in the country will go a long way in increasing the level of business investment in the country. Effects of Lower Interest Rates on Aggregate Demand Curve, price level and real GDP It is imperative to point out that lowering the level of interest rates in the country will result in a positive shift of the aggregate demand curve. More precisely, the AD curve will shift to the right. Mainly, one can attribute this to the fact that the reduction in interest rates will cause an increase in the level of borrowing from commercial banks since it is cheaper. In turn, it brings about an increase in the level of spending in the country as households and firms have more money to spend (Kliesen, 2011). In turn, this raises the level of aggregate demand in the country, causing a shift of the AD curve upwards towards the right as shown in the diagram below. In the same manner, it follows that an increase in the level of aggregate demand due to a reduction in the interest rate level would result in an increase in the level of real GDP in the country. As such, a fall in interest rates in the country results in an increase in the level of aggregate economic activity (Leduc and Rudebusch, (2014). Mainly, this is because people have more funds for both investments and expenditure. Besides, credit is easily available to businesses and households, and new services and products can be demanded and purchased in the market (Wolfe, 2017). In turn, this brings about an increase in the rate of economic growth of the country and, hence, a rise in the real GDP of the economy. Ordinarily, a fall in the general interest rates stimulates economic growth in the country, thereby raising the real GDP of the country. Hence, the real GDP curve shifts from left to right, indicating an economic growth in the country following a fall in the level of interest rates (Hansen and Shehadri, 2013). From the diagram above, an increase in the total demand from AD1 to AD2 leads to a rise in the countrys real GDP from Y1 to Y2 (Pettinger, 2016). On the other hand, low interest rates may significantly influence the price level in the country. As noted earlier, low interest rate levels will result in an increase in the level of spending among households and firms in the country. Thus, individuals increase their demand for services and goods within the country. Therefore, a sustained rise in the demand for commodities in the country will create an upward pressure on the price of goods and services, forcing them to rise. In this regard, the lower interest rate regime in the country will result in a sustained increase in the price of goods and services, which may then cause inflationary pressures if sustained. For instance, in the diagram below, an increase in the total demand from DD1 to DD2 following a reduction in the interest rate level will cause a rise in the price level of the good from P1 to P2. Reference List Folger, J. (2016). What is the relationship between inflation and interest rates?. [Online] Investopedia. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/12/inflation-interest-rate-relationship.asp [Accessed 09 October 2017]. Hansemn, B., and Seshadri, A. (2013). Uncovering the Relationship between Real Interest Rates and Economic Growth. [Online] University of Michigan Retirement Research Centre. Available at: https://www.mrrc.isr.umich.edu/publications/papers/pdf/wp303.pdf [Accessed 09 October 2017]. Kliesen, K. (2011). Low Interest Rates Have Benefits and Costs. [Online] Federal Reserve Bank of st. Louis. Available at: https://www.stlouisfed.org/Publications/Inside-The-Vault/Spring-2011/Low-Interest-Rates-Have-Benefits-and-Costs [Accessed 09 October 2017]. Leduc, S., and Rudebusch, G. (2014). Does Slower Growth Imply Lower Interest Rates?. [Online] Federal Reserve Bank of San Fransisco. Available at: https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2014/november/interest-rates-economic-growth-monetary-policy/ [Accessed 09 October 2017]. Pettinger, T. (2016). Effect of lower interest rates. [Online] Economics Help. Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/3417/interest-rates/effect-of-lower-interest-rates/ [Accessed 09 October 2017]. Wolfe, M. (2017). The Effect of Real GDP on Interest Rate. [Online] Biz Fluent. Available at: https://bizfluent.com/about-6632885-effect-real-gdp-interest-rate.html [Accessed 09 October 2017]

Why We Should Participate In The Liturgy Essays -

Why We Should Participate In The Liturgy Why We Should Participate in Liturgy Liturgy come from the Greek word meaning, A public duty or work. Liturgy is defined as the form of prayer, acts and ceremonies used in the public and offical worship of the Church, principally in the offering of the Eucharist, the singing and receiving of the Sacraments. Participate, is defined as to have or take a part or share in, or to give a share of; to communicate. There is no greater thing we can to do to show God that we love Him than to attend the Mass and receive the Body and Blood of Christ. But participating in the mass by kneeling, standing, walking, sitting, speaking, and listening are very important also. These are all talents God gave us and we should use them to praise him and to tell others that we are not afraid to use them for the good of God. Maybe we can't sing that great, but if we try God will still appreciate the try. There is nothing to be ashamed of, when participating in the mass. Maybe some of us can't get up in front of everyone and read, but we should still read along and listen to the reader, because it is God speaking through them. Sometime itis hard to pay attention during Mass, but the church only ask us for one hour each week, which isn't that much, for God. With the sign of peace we get to show each other our love for each other and for God. To participate in the liturgy inclueds all the things that we have grow up with and should not be something taken lightly for God watches over us all the time. Acceptance Essays

Ratatouille 2007 Animation Accent

Ratatouille 2007 Animation Accent Disney animated films attach different accents to different characters. It remains a wonder then whether the use of various accents represents different levels of characters in these films. The question remains as to whether there is a systematic way within which accents are used to come up with different character traits?Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ratatouille 2007: Animation Accent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Given that Disney animated films is an American company, the most common accent that is likely to be used is GA or General American. This accent is likely to be attributed to good characters, on the other hand English with a foreign accent and/ or RP i.e. Received Pronunciation represents the accents that are likely to be attributed to less favorable characters. Other than looking at how accent has been used in Ratatouille to portray different stereotypical kinds of characters, this article will also look at how this compares with Rosina Lippi-Green’s work, â€Å"Teaching Children How to Discriminate†. The assumption that social pressures to conform with stipulated modes of behavior, lifestyle and prevailing culture has had its fare share of determining how Disney use accents in its animated films cannot be far from the truth. The issue of ethnicity is reflected by allocating an accent to a character inline with his or her perceived ethnic background. The setting of the movie also determines the accent to be allocated to characters. If the setting is in a place where use of GA is unlikely, then RP is used instead. Use of accents in animated films can help reveal societal norms by showing what accents are preferred to others. Through the use of accents as an artistic device, the movie audience can easily infer the various characters background, intelligence, social status, race or ethnicity among other traits. Thus, accents in movies reveal stereotypes attached to different people at any given one time. The use of accents in animated movies can be used as a way of promoting standard language ideology to children. This is easily achieved when there is a direct correlation between the character and the accent. Since animated movies are intended for children, stereotypical features are clearly defined and there is certainly no need of second guessing.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ratatouille is an animated film for children despite the fact that it has so many story strands that are related to adults. The characters in the movie use strong French accent that is quite difficult for children to figure out what is being said. The title of the movie is derived from a French soup not to mention that it is ironical in how it sounds as the co starring in the movie is a rat named Remy who forges an alliance with Linguini the talentless c hef who is about to be fired. Linguini tells Remy†Let’s think this out, you know how to cook, and I know how to†¦. appear human†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Remy is guided by an apparition of Auguste Gusteau that helps him to intervene through Linguini when a soup that has been tampered with is about to be served in Gusteaus’s restaurant. Through Remy’s genius, the savor of the soup is improved and it attracts accolade that saves Linguini’s job who gets promoted instead of being fired. Ratatouille is set in Paris, France and the dominant accent is French which suits the setting, however, the protagonist speaks GA, for instance when asking Remy a question â€Å".Uh, whatto I do after the onions?† Therefore, a question arises as to whether the use of language is biased towards spreading a standard language ideology towards children. The question can be best answered by noting how all chefs are denoted to speak French-accented English. Lippi-Green noted t hat in all French films, the prototypical French who are truly French are the characters concerned with food preparation. This means that the setting of the movie is not the issue in allocation of French-accented English; rather, this accent is used stereotypically to represent characters that are truly French. The hero is depicted as a male and his aide a lady, chef Collette who speaks French-accented English. She is depicted as being kind and less sophisticated i.e. when she says â€Å"What is this? Keep†¦.your†¦ station clear! , I’ll make this easy to remember, Keep your station clear†¦. or I will kill you!† Anton Ego the villain who criticizes food made by Linguini speaks French-accented English and his looks are those of an evil person.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ratatouille 2007: Animation Accent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this film, the three rats namely Remy, his br other and father and Linguini speaks GA while most of the characters speak English with French accent. The movie setting naturally makes as presume that the characters should all speak French accented English even if they are animals, also, Linguini a human should not speak GA as he is in France and his name which means pasta does not indicate that he is an American in any way in any case he is all French just like the rest of the characters. This bias shows that accent has been used as an artistic device to make Linguini stand out as the ideal hero. By selecting GA as the ideal accent for the protagonist, all that Disney is doing is try and conform to the expectations of the audience. This indicates people’s attitudes towards some accents. If the hero should speak some other accent other than the GA, the audience could deem that to be improper and they could easily react negatively since such a trend is simply not right. In Lipi Greens article â€Å"Teaching children how to discriminate†, she argues that characters in Disney films are used to teach children how to discriminate through the use of different accents. In her book, she notes that French accents are manipulated with the aim of portraying a positive stereotype but the outcome of results can be quite the opposite. She also observed how gender is used in Disney films. Sounding white was portrayed as the best way to be desirable. Children are made to believe that the ideal male characters that are on the lookout for female companionship are those that speak United States English (Lippi-Green, 1990, 87). In this book which looks at how Disney perpetuates stereotypes and discrimination towards gender, ethnicity, nationality etc, Lipi Green observes how French accent is manipulated to associate French characters with food and as being teasing. The name of the protagonist Linguini means pasta and name Collette means victory for the people.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through such manipulations, children learn to associate the learned stereotypes with the French culture and nothing less. This means that despite Disney’s good intentions, the overall effect can be that of limiting children’s view of the actual nature of French people. Lipi Green cautions that Disney producers should not misuse accent to negatively stereotype people as most animated movies are watched by children. Lippi-Green, Rosina. Teaching Children How to Discriminate. Hampton: Hampton Bluebell, 1990. Print.

Synthesizing Sodium Ferrate Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Synthesizing Sodium Ferrate - Lab Report Example NaClO is an active component of bleach. Very concentrated solutions of bleach are used as â€Å"liquid chlorine† for swimming pools. NOTE: This synthesis will be performed in the fume hood. The solution will be very basic, so goggles will always be worn while performing this synthesis. Any solution got on hands will be immediately washed with soap and water. 20 mL of commercial bleach is to be poured into a 50 mL beaker. A stirring bar will be added to the beaker and placed on a stir plate. 10 g of NaOH pellets will be added to the beaker of bleach and stirring will be begun. This is an exothermic reaction so the beaker will get warm. 0.50 mL of 0.30 M FeCl3 will be pipetted using the plastic pipette into the dissolved NaOH solution while it is still warm. The mixture will be allowed to stir for approximately 10 minutes. The solution will be allowed to cool for another 3-5 minutes. The formation of the Na2FeO4 will cause the solution to appear purple. Any foam that appears on the surface will have to be removed by blotting with a paper towel. A suction filtration apparatus will be assembled with due consultation of the GSA). A sintered glass filter will be used on top of the vacuum filtration flask, the vacuum will be turned on and the sodium ferrate solution will be added slowly. ... The volume of ferrate solution that was prepared using a graduated cylinder will be measured. The sodium ferrate solution will be stored in a plastic bottle. The bottle will be labeled with this information; Name of the Team Manager, â€Å"Sodium ferrate in water†, concentration of sodium ferrate (will be determined later), date, and the lab section number. Part 2. Calculation of the Percent Yield of Ferrate Produced In the reaction that was just performed, FeCl3 was the limiting reagent. After the theoretical yield (review is on pages133-139 in the textbook, Tro 2nd edition) of sodium ferrate has been calculated in moles, its theoretical concentration, in molarity (M) will be determined with the help of the total volume of solution that was measured in the Part 1. The actual concentration of sodium ferrate in the solution will be calculated with the help of the spectrophotometer and Beer’s Law. The SpectraVis spectrometer will be calibrated with the help of a cuvette o f DI water. The SpectraVis should be in full spectrum mode when calibrating. The DI water will be removed with a plastic pipette so that all the water droplets from the inside corners as well as from the sides of the cuvette can be removed. The sodium ferrate solution will be added to the cuvette (slightly more than half full). The absorbance of the sodium ferrate solution will be recorded at 510 nm. NOTE: If the absorbance at 510 nm gets above 1.5, the ferrate solution in the cuvette will be diluted (not the original solution) until the absorbance is between 1.0 and 1.5. The volume of ferrate solution that was diluted as well as the amount of water which was added to calculate the concentration of the original ferrate solution will be kept track of. The ferrate solution will be

An Absolutory Confession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Absolutory Confession - Essay Example Shoba being a great planner, had planned her life in her head but the death of the baby came as a shock and makes Shoba realize that nothing in this world can be vouched for. Because of their disconnection, they try to find a way to seek forgiveness and decide to reveal a secret each, every night when the light went off at eight. The definition of confession is an acknowledgment or disclosure of sin or sinfulness and though in the process of confession, both Shukumar and Shoba felt relieved superficially, they end up hurting and disappointing each other unintentionally. It made them realize the fact that they did not know each other too well. Eventually, instead of strengthening the relationship, Shukumar and Shoba’s confessions cause them to walk away from each other, but in the end it is Shukumar’s confession about their dead baby that brings the two closer to each other. Shukumar’s confession begins with romantic memories. In his first confession he tells Shoba about their first date because it was the first thing that came to his mind when he was refreshing his memory. Shukumar remembered, â€Å"The first time we went out to dinner, to the Portuguese place, I forgot to tip the waiter. I went back the next morning, found out his name, left money with the manager† (222). Shukumar’s first confession is simple because he has no idea how Shoba would later use this game to manipulate and hurt him. Shukumar hoped that through the game, they would get closer to each other, Shoba would return to her normal self and their love would rekindle but he was unaware that Shoba’s hope for anything at all had died along with their baby. Next day, Shukumar admits his fault in his second confession which means that his second confession goes deeper than his first. Shukumar said â€Å"I cheated on my oriental exam in college† (226). Shukumar carried the burden of his shameful deed for

Design Of Enterprise It Solution Big Bazaar Information Technology Essay

Design Of Enterprise It Solution Big Bazaar Information Technology Essay Big Bazaar is a chain of hypermarkets in India, with more than 100 stores in operation. It is a subsidiary of Future Group Venture Ltds, and follows the business model of United States-based Wal-Mart. Big Bazaar, is the chain of retail stores of the big banner Pantaloon Retail (India) Ltd., which in turn is a segment of the Kishore Biyani, regulated Future Group of Companies. Moreover the customer friendly ambiance and the organized retailing of products also make Big Bazaar one of the successful retail companies in India. 1. Big Bazaar: Overview Big Bazaar hypermarket is offering a huge array of goods of good quality for all at affordable prices. Big Bazaar has no doubt made a big name in the retail industry of India, moreover shopping here is further made a memorable experience with the varied rates of discounts on products as well as discount vouchers available in a variety of amounts, like INR 2000, INR 3000, INR 4000, INR 5000 and INR 10000 on all Big Bazaar products and accessories. 1.1 Product range in Big Bazaar This large format store comprises of almost everything required by people from different income groups. The added advantage for the customers shopping in Big Bazaar is that there are all time discounts and promotional offers going on in the Big Bazaar on its saleable products. 1.2 Significant Features of Big Bazaar Shopping in the Big Bazaar is a great experience as one can find almost everything under the same roof. It has different features which caters all the needs of the shoppers. Some of the significant features of Big Bazaar are: 1.3 Big Bazaar- Objective In this new era, design is helping companies to sell differentiated experiences and solutions that connect with the consumers emotions. Its not just the matter of selling products and services nor just completing transactions in the need to achieve targets. Every customer is an opportunity to build a relationship and invite the customer to become a part of the new transformational scenario. Design management is helping us position the customer at the centre of every decision we take and also operate with true entrepreneurial spirit. 1.4 Big Bazaar- Target customers Big Bazaar targets higher and upper middle class customers because there has been growth in Indian middle class that has so far been used to buying apparel and groceries from small and cluttered unorganised shops is fast realizing the joys of visiting malls that have redefined the freedom to shop and entertain. Such malls are the new temples of leisure and weekend entertainment. 1.5 Food Bazaar Food Bazaar (Future Group) is a Private Sector Organisation that offers services in Retail with Annual Total Turnover of 250-500 Crores and with Employee Strength of 501-1000. 2. Vision and Mission 2.1 Vision Future Group shall deliver everything, everywhere, every time for every Indian Consumer the most profitable manner. 2.2 Mission We share the vision and belief that our customers and stakeholders shall be served only by creating and executing future scenarios in the consumption space leading to economic development. We will be trendsetters in the evolving delivery format, creating retail realty, making consumption affordable for all customer segments- for classes and masses. We shall infuse Indian brands with confidence and renewed ambition. We shall be efficient and cost conscious and committed to quality in whatever we do. We shall ensure that our positive attitude, sincerity, humility and united determination shall be the driving force to make us successful. 3. Organisation Chart 4. EXISTING ARCHITECTURE of IT System(Hardware) The company maintains a 3 tier architecture. Figure 1 Source: www.cardisoft.eu 4.1 Client: The client represents the face of IS, through which data relating to various retail operations could be keyed in and data stored in database can be extracted. It constituted the Terminals at the counters. 4.2 Application Server: The middle tier will comprise of clustered servers also called transaction servers, as they facilitate transactions taking place in the big bazaar. This is essential for the system to handle high workloads, especially during peak hours. The middle tier will serve as an interface between the clients and the database. The application server runs on a Dell Server. 4.3 Database Server: The database server will receive and process queries received from the middle tier transaction servers. All the data will be stored in this database server. The database server is located in Mumbai. The system runs on a HP Super dome server on HP UNIX 11i and the database is from Oracle. 4.4 Inventory management: For this bar-coding is used. Around 80 bar-coding machines are used in Calicut Big bazaar branch. 4.5 Personnel management: For this attendance swapping machines are in place to keep track of in and out time of employees. Also an IT system, called the PECK system, is used for automatic ordering of items whose stock goes below a minimum prescribed level. The reorder level depends on the Minimum Base Quantity (MBQ). Suppose, MBQ = 10 Reorder level = 5 Now, whenever the quantity of this item in stock goes below 5, an automatic purchase order is sent to the centralised warehouse. 5. ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING IT INFRASTRUCTURE 5.1 SAP ERP (R/3) The SAP ERP application is an integrated enterprise resource planning (ERP) software manufactured by SAP AG that targets business software requirements of midsize and large organizations in all industries and sectors. It allows for open communication within and between all company functions for Big Bazaar. With the advent of distributed client-server computing SAP AG brought out a client-server version of the software called SAP R/3 (The R was for Real-time data processing and 3 was for 3-tier). This new architecture is compatible with multiple platforms and operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows or UNIX. This opened up SAP to a whole new customer base like retail market such as Big Bazaar. SAP R/3 was arranged into distinct functional modules, covering the typical functions in place in an organization. The most widely used modules were Financials and Controlling (FICO), Human Resources (HR), Materials Management (MM), Sales Distribution (SD), and Production Planning (PP). Each module handles specific business tasks on its own, but is linked to the others where applicable. For example, an invoice from the billing transaction of Sales Distribution of Big Bazaar would pass through to accounting, where it will appear in accounts receivable and cost of goods sold. 5.2 Technology of SAP ERP(R/3) SAP based the architecture of R/3 on a three-tier client/server as stated above in infrastructure. Client Server Application Server Database Server 5.2.1 Client Server The Client server is actually a program named sapgui.exe. It is usually installed on a users workstation. To start it, the user double-clicks on an icon on the desktop or chooses a menu path. When started, the presentation server displays the R/3 menus within a window. This window is commonly known as the SAPGUI, or the user interface (or simply, the interface). The interface accepts input from the user in the form of keystrokes, mouse-clicks, and function keys, and sends these requests to the application server to be processed. The application server sends the results back to the SAPGUI which then formats the output for display to the user. 5.2.2 Application Server An application server is a collection of executable s that collectively interprets the ABAP/4 (Advanced Business Application Programming / 4th Generation) programs and manages the input and output for them. When an application server is started, these executable s all start at the same time. When an application server is stopped, they all shut down together. The number of processes that start up when you bring up the application server is defined in a single configuration file called the application server profile. Each application server has a profile that specifies its characteristics when it starts up and while it is running. For example, an application server profile specifies number of processes and their types, amount of memory each process may use, length of time a user is inactive before being automatically logged off. The Application layer consists of one or more application servers and a message server. Each application server contains a set of services used to run the R/3 system. Not practical, only one application server is needed to run an R/3 system. But in practice, the services are distributed across more than one application server. This means that not all application servers will provide the full range of services. The message server is responsible for communication between the application servers. It passes requests from one application server to another within the system. It also contains information about application server groups and the current load balancing within them. It uses this information to choose an appropriate server when a user logs onto the system. The application server exists to interpret ABAP/4 programs, and they only run there-the programs do not run on the presentation server. An ABAP/4 program can start an executable on the presentation server, but an ABAP/4 program cannot execute there. If your ABAP/4 program requests information from the database, the application server will format the request and send it to the database server.cvb. 5.2.3 Database Server The database server handles the users request for addition, retrieval and modifications in the data. The system runs on a HP Super dome server on HP UNIX 11i and the database is from Oracle. It is located in Mumbai and centrally stores data for each Big Bazaar in these small cities. 5.3 Implementation of SAP ERP SAP ERP in Big Bazaar consists of several modules including: utilities for marketing and sales, field service, product design and development, production and inventory control, human resources, finance and accounting. SAP ERP collects and combines data from the separate modules to provide the Big Bazaar with enterprise resource planning. Although there can be major benefits for Big Bazaar of SAP ERP, the implementation and training costs are expensive. It has overcome with problems when implementing SAP ERP software, such as: failing to specify their operation objectives, absence of a strong commitment or positive approach to change, failing to deal with organizational differences, failing to plan the change to SAP ERP properly, inadequate testing. All these factors which cause unsuccessful implementation of SAP ERP didnt affect in Big Bazaar and it came successfully in overcoming them. SAP ERP is implemented correctly in BIG BAZAAR due to which it has gone from its old calculations system to a fully integrated software package. Potential benefits that it had gained from it are efficient business process, inventory reduction, and lead time reduction. An integral part of the implemented IT infrastructure is the SAP Enterprise Resource planning system. The package has a range of functions and provides a range of benefits to the company in the following areas: 5.3.1 Billing System The company has successfully implemented an ERP system with a comprehensive set of accounting applications. This helps in integrating the cost, profit, and revenue information of sales that are made, and presents in a granular way. The system is a very robust one that has failed only once in the past 3 years. 5.3.2 Inventory Replenishment Inventory management is a very critical function for a store like Big Bazaar that deals with a variety of products involving wide categories like FMCG, Staple items, fruits, vegetables, footwear, etc. All these different products required different levels of inventory. A dating structure is set up based on the past data for each data which allows the company to be informed of when their inventory should be updated. This is important, because it allows the company to keep close track of their stock and helps maintain communication simple between different units of the supply chain management 5.3.3 Order Tracking On the business side ERP is useful in order tracking. When the company receives orders for a product, being able to properly track the orders allows the company to get detailed information on their customers and marketing strategies. If different software packages are being used, this data may not be consistent. 5.3.4 Customer Relationship Management ERP is highly useful in Customer Relationship Management as it helps in providing the best customer services by immediately attending the customer queries and with timely delivery of products. All customer delays have been effectively removed by the implementation of the ERP system as it aids in resolving the customer payments well before the scheduled deadline. 6. Why Outsourcing? The reasons which drove Big Bazaar to outsource to Wipro Technologies are: Big Bazaar is a fully centralized system in integration with the Mumbai Head office. The payment of all the stakeholders are been done through Mumbai branch. A message is triggered to the Mumbai Head Office the instant the inventory level falls below a minimum prescribed level; the optimum quantity is being supplied to maintain the Maximum Base Quantity (MBQ). To maintain this dynamism across all the outlets and to gain the benefits of volume discount, a sophisticated IT system is required. The core competency of the Big Bazaar is in retailing and this application system is a support-oriented information resource management (as in Mac Farlans Strategic Grid). Hence, outsourcing was a viable option for Big Bazaar on account of the following reasons: Access to higher professionalism Risk of inappropriate IT architecture is reduced. Maintenance of skilled staffs is not needed and the management can concentrate on the core business activities. Subscribing is relative cheaper compared to purchasing a new technology. In addition, outsourced vendor would upgrade to new technology as and when needed. 7. Vendor Selection Process Big Bazaar was diligently involved in the selection of the vendors to outsource. The steps it took to finalize the vendor were as follows: They identified the requirements (functional and non-functional) and prepared an exhaustive list of the vendors software available in the market. 2. They narrowed down the list of vendors based on the non-functional requirements. The list included Wipro, Infosys, Patni Computers, TCS, etc. 3. They sent the Request of proposal (RFP) to the prospective vendors asking for information relevant to their service capabilities across a spectrum that includes financial, technical, and operational information. 4. Based on the responses of the vendors, they selected WIPRO for outsourcing. 8. Advantages Disadvantages of Existing IT Structure 8.1 Advantages The advantages of such an infrastructure can be concluded as follows: Scalability The architecture deployed currently has been modelled to facilitate the scale of operation of the company. For instance the application servers can be deployed on many machines. Also, the database no longer requires a connection from every client it only requires connections from a smaller number of application servers. In addition, many Transaction Processing Monitors could be used to balance loads and dynamically manage the number of application server(s) available. Better Reuse A replication of the same logic can be initiated from many clients or applications. Since the method of operation is standardized across all the outlets so a mechanism which can be replicated at less cost, reduces complexity and leads to optimum utilization of the resources. Improved Security Implementation of security mechanisms at multiple levels (not just the database) improves the security level. Security can be granted on a service-by-service basis. The placement on a very secure central server makes the business logic more secure. Reduced Distribution Any new policy changes like discount offers and other incentives can be easily incorporated to the complete business logic by simply updating a few application servers and do not have to be implemented individually across all the clients. Improved Availability The operations associated with the organization require the system to support numerous transactions, at the time of high sales. Such situations make use of redundant application servers and redundant database servers. Thus, it is possible to architect an application which can recover from network or server failures. Hidden Database Structure In order to facilitate the simultaneous transparent database changes, the actual structure of the database is hidden from the caller. Hence, it is possible that a service in the middle tier that exchanges information/data with other applications could retain its original interface while the underlying database structure was enhanced during a new application release. 8.2 Disadvantages Along with the advantages of the IT Infrastructure, some disadvantages also exist: Inventory management Systems inefficacy often leads to problems: Big bazaars inventory management inventory, centrally connected to its head office, has often led Big Bazaar into big troubles including recent example of Sabse Sasta Din (On the eve of Republic Day) where many of its stores had to shut after overwhelming demand and insufficient inventory. This failure in inventory management caused Big Bazaar huge revenue loss as well as bad publicity. Centrally managed system has its disadvantage too. The staff at its outlet has negligible knowledge of its IT infrastructure details. They generally lack the skills to treat the problems at their own. As all the control lies with Mumbai head office, thus in case any problem arises in system, either the store manager has to take help from its outsourcing partner or Head office IT team. The time delay in the procedure often cost it a substantial amount of business. Big Bazaar IT infrastructure lags as compare to its global competitors (who are set to enter Indian Markets) in terms of effectiveness of its Data Mining system. The data mining system enables the retailer to critically analyze and select its consumer segments and its specific needs and thus coming up with schemes to target them. Although existing customer billing system is very robust (failed only once in last 3 years: Kozhikode outlet), it often turns into bottleneck leading to longer queues and thus increased service time. The problem becomes worse during peak customer hours and the system proves to be Achilles heel during above estimated demands (recently in Sabse Sasta Din offer; 26 Jan 2011). 9. Security at Big Bazaar IT System In recent years, the retail sector has become the targets of spear phishermen, a particularly devious and hard to detect targeted attack, according to the cyber security firm Message Labs Intelligence. In a targeted attack, cybercriminals go after only a few individuals within a particular company in the hopes of compromising the individuals machine and gaining access to sensitive data, intellectual property, or confidential internal systems. IP surveillance and automation is very difficult in retail sector, hence most retailers take other measures to ensure a secure network like backups of all application data, operating system, databases and files were taken on a daily basis onto tape drives and even on disk. All the backup media was stored offsite on a daily basis. Weekly and monthly backup tapes are stored at remote locations. If the OS or application software conks off, data can be restored by reinstalling the concerned software and retrieving the latest data backup. IT Security in Big Bazaar Currently 10. Business Process Model The business process model elaborates the individual processes involved in servicing the customer and the areas where IT plays an integral role in servicing the customer. Fig: Business Process Model of Big Bazaar The key processes involved in the completion of a transaction at Big Bazaar could be described as follows: The customer selects an item to buy The customer places the order The order is then processed when the customer makes the payment If the payment is correct then the inventory level of the corresponding item is reduced by one and the transaction is complete However if the payment is not correct then the customer is intimated regarding the problem. If the customer still wishes to complete the transaction then he pays the appropriate amount else he decides to cancel the order if he does not have enough cash at disposal After the inventory level is reduced by one, it is checked if the current inventory level is critical If the inventory level is not critical then the transaction can be considered to be totally complete and the system is prepared for the next transaction. However, if the inventory level is critical i.e. based on the MBQ system, an automatic reorder procedure is activated This involves sending out a request for invoice order and another one for shipping order Once the invoice data is validated with the accounts department, the invoice is raised and forwarded Once the invoice order is complete, the items are packed and then shipped from the suppliers to the warehouse which stores the inventory Once the inventory has been received at the warehouse, the inventory level is updated From the above description it can be observed that IT plays a crucial role in three key areas namely Payment Processing, Inventory Management and Managing accounting information. Payment processing software records the payments received from the customers and keeps track of the sales amount generated on a day to day basis to understand the customer behaviour. The role of IT in Inventory management is critical in ensuring automatic replenishment of the inventory whenever the quantity goes below the critical level. Finally the accounting system has to make sure that all the goods received and the invoices generated are in correspondence and to detect and prevent anomalies that might arise out of errors committed both intentionally and unintentionally into ballooning into a huge problem for the company. It is important that the above systems are properly in place for the efficient functioning of the day to day business activities. 11. Logical Design of Big Bazaar In the logical diagram various processes are shown with the help of entities and their attributes. Various entities that are used in Big Bazaar are so linked with each other. Fig: Logical Diagram of Big Bazaar Following is the brief introduction about each entity and its attribute: HO Site: it is central point in the database unit, which controls all the departments. It controls various operations like maintaining inventory, organizing suppliers, and giving salaries to employees and billing to the customers. HO Employee: It defines the employees who will operate the HO site. They can make changes in the database of the product, and can even define new levels of cut off points for both inventory and shelf. Employee: It defines all the employees working in various departments. This entity will be accountable for their salaries, their performance, their timings and their attendance. All the incentives will be decided after seeing the performance graph of the employee, which will be generated through the DBMS. Product: This entity will define all the information about the product. It will tell the cost of the product, its unique ID code, its supplier, its self life. Supplier: As there are too many suppliers in the market who will be supplying their products to big bazaar. This entity will help to maintain their database. It will tell about the supplier name, location, product supplied by him, and about billing of the supply. Purchase rec.: This will tell about the purchase record of a particular product by the customer. It will tell the name of customer who purchased the product, date of purchasing, quantity purchased etc. Customer: The end point of the business is customer. To create the database of the valuable customers, you should know name, address, and product in what quantity they purchase. Inventory: It is the store where all the products are placed before bringing them to the shelf. The supplies directly come to the inventory. 12. Use Case Diagram The major actors in this use case diagram are: Customer Kozhikode branch employee Mumbai Head office employee Supplier The customer selects the goods he wants to buy and goes to the counter where the customer pays the amount. The employee at the counter enters the data in the database which is updated on the continuous basis. This database in turn is connected to the Mumbai database. Thus the entry made by the Kozhikode employee gives the inventory, sales etc status of the Kozhikode branch to the head office. Next, Mumbai head office checks the inventory level of the stock and if found to be below minimum base quantity level, then order is placed to the supplier regarding the same. The suppliers get the order request from the head office through the centrally connected database. All other functions of the Kozhikode branch are carried out in a similar manner. Fig: Use Case Diagram 13. Module distribution Diagram of Big Bazaar The value chain across which Big Bazaar operates is as shown below. First the vendor selection takes place. Than the centralized planning and merchandising is done for each of these stores according to the demand. Then the procurement of the goods takes place according to the forecast and plan. The goods are then distributed to each of the city branches. Then it is sold to the customers where the value chain is completed. We can divide these into four different categories. They are Planning, Store management, Buying and Supply Chain. For planning the modules of SAP used are supply Chain Management, Production Planning and Sales and Distribution. For store management Customer Relationship management, Sales and Distribution Management, Material Management and Customer Service modules are used. For Buying Supplier Relationship management and Material management modules are used. And for supply chain activities Sales and distribution, Logistics and Logistics Execution modules are used. Fig: Module Distribution Diagram of Big Bazaar 14. Scope of Improvement Despite the various advantages that IT infrastructure has bestowed on Big Bazaar, there is still a varied scope of improvement that the organization can employ: Big Bazaar can update the technology system by implementing WMS with RFID, Customer intelligence and CRM, Inventory and Promotions Optimization. On account of the heavy rush on the weekends and the festival season, the available number of terminals is unable to meet the demand quickly. Hence, the customers have to wait in queue for longer period. However, there are certain floors wherein the terminals are idle as the demand for those items are not that high. Hence, the firm can decide to exchange the location of computers from less used areas to highly used ones. 15. Recommendations 15.1 Improving Warehouse Management by strategic use of IT Big Bazaar faces many challenges. Not only it has to manage and coordinate a large number of local, regional, across complex supply chains but also the customers demand an increasingly large variety of products and faster deliveries, which often means that it has to hold smaller quantities of a larger range of SKUs. To satisfy customer demands and execute on its business strategies, you need a complete and accurate picture of where inventory is deployed and of its movement across the supply chain network. At the same time, you need to keep supply chain costs low, especially given fuel costs. Optimizing transportation management and synchronizing it with warehousing plans to meet fluctuating customer demands and store needs -is essential to competing successfully when margins are tight. Warehouse management can be further refined by the application of RFID technology. RFID will help Big Bazaar to align and optimize its task execution -which will include its loading time, sequence, and use of staging areas and bays with the supply chain events that occur outside of the warehouse. This use of technology can be easily integrated with the SAP Supply Chain Management (SAP SCM) application, which provides an integrated supply chain solution. In the long run it will provide the necessary visibility and control needed to optimize logistical execution for competitive advantage. There is a lot of scope for improvement in warehouse management. The direct tangible benefits that Big Bazaar will accrue are with the following components: Re-Defining a Complete Warehousing Plan- Optimizing warehousing as part of a demand-driven supply chain model, with a comprehensive plan to manage activities every step of the way. Order Management Integration of the new SAP EWM with existing SAP ERP for comprehensive order management. Warehouse Planning and Inventory Tracking and Tracing Once you define the high-level plan, you can focus on optimizing activities within each supply chain location. Support for cross-docking enables a direct flow from goods receipt to goods issue. The application also supports the tracking and tracing of inventory down to granular levels of detail -information needed to initiate recalls. RFID technology makes these tasks more efficient and ensures accuracy. Material Flow System SAP EWM offers complete material flow control without additional software allowing all programmable logic controllers to be connected to SAP EWM via remote function call (RFC) adaptors. To help ensure that goods keep moving inside the warehouse and to avoid unnecessary (and costly) manual intervention, the system offers high performance. That level helps ensure that a carton can be scanned, compared to the expected size and weight, and have a determination made about where it should be sent in less than a second. Tracking and Management of Warehouse Activities SAP EWM provides enhanced monitoring features for tracking and managing warehouse activities. A warehouse cockpit provides an overview of key processes, costs, schedules, and value added services. This real-time visibility helps you manage daily operations and optimize the use of labour. You can plan ahead for upcoming activities, assign resources to tasks, and identify ways to minimize time per process step or eliminate steps. With SAP Extended Warehouse Management and RFID Technology application, Bi

Classic Post-Modernist Writers

Charles Dickens. Thomas Hardy. Joseph Conrad. During their time, they were considered to be realists because they shape their readers’ perceptions of the world. In doing so, their writings are described to be modern and post-realist. This paper will discuss their approaches and on how their works, which we discussed this semester, are classic masterpieces simply because these transcend over time. Post-realism in literature is done when subjects are depicted on the page as how they are in daily life. There is no interpretation and embellishment.They reveal the mundane truth. Most of the time, in post-realism, these truths are ugly and sordid. Therefore, during the 20th century, when these writers came up with their works, they were often criticized for discussing subjects at that time were deemed as taboo. Realism was the cultural movement that was quite popular in literature in the 1800s. It was the opposite of romanticism because it encouraged artists to present objects at th eir most real. The perceptions are undistorted by bias and it is said that realism is the objective reality.The trend reformed the cultural movements in literature and became modernized. Cultural, political and artistic movements headed this direction at the turn of the century. It confirmed the ability of human beings to improve, create, reshape and enhance their environment. The period of modernism was during 1884 to 1914. Through technology, practical knowledge and scientific experiments, individuals are able to improve their way of life. It was at its earliest stages but these three novelists were able to become masters of the technique way before their counterparts did.Modernism examined the aspect of existence. It ranged from philosophy to commerce. It allowed the readers to reflect without holding back and replaced the old methods with the new progressive techniques. It was the introduction on how the world must accept the changes that were already occurring. By embracing the se changes and retaining some traditions, the post-realist movement came into place. (Crook, 1991, p. 32) Charles Dickens is known for his storytelling and immortal characters. With this, his literary creations received worldwide popularity which readers often anticipated for as well.The demand for Dickens’ short stories and novels didn’t allow these to go out of print. He wrote serialized novels which the public eagerly waited and religiously read. Scholars who studied why Dickens’ stories could reach out to his readers discovered that the author’s childhood influenced his fiction. These innocent experiences assisted him in bringing these stories to life. His writing style is poetic because it combines fantasy and realism which allows readers to shift from one to the other. He was also inspired by the gothic romance theme that was made popular in the 18th century.The downside to this writing style is that some of his characters are grotesque that they of ten overpower the stories. (Glancy, 1999, p 45) â€Å"Dombey sat in the corner of the darkened room in the great arm-chair by the bedside, and Son lay tucked up warm in a little basket bedstead, carefully disposed on a low settee immediately in front of the fire and close to it, as if his constitution were analogous to that of a muffin, and it was essential to toast him brown while he was very new. Dombey was about eight-and-forty years of age. Son about eight-and-forty minutes.Dombey was rather bald, rather red, and though a handsome well-made man, too stern and pompous in appearance, to be prepossessing. Son was very bald, and very red, and though (of course) an undeniably fine infant, somewhat crushed and spotty in his general effect, as yet. † The two paragraphs are from the first chapter of Dickens’ â€Å"Dombey and Son. † Dickens was an active participant in social concerns and such themes were rooted in this novel. Examples were marriages being arranged a s if it were financial partnerships. Other themes were familial relationships and child cruelty.A factor that made Dickens’ works post-modernist is his take on social commentaries. He often wrote about poverty, specifically the social stratification in the Victorian society. The approach Dickens often utilized is presenting the incidences through caricatures in order to present the readers the social truth. (Glancy, 1999, p. 53) Another post-modernist theme is that Dickens often highlighted his idealism through the poignant social commentaries of his novels. A number of his novels discussed social realism and concentrated on the mechanisms of the social control which directed the lives of the individuals.He used coincidences which only showed how idealistic his works were. Thomas Hardy is Dickens’ exact opposite. He is a realist in the sense that his novels often ends in a tragic note. Hardy was an English novelist, writer and poet. Unlike Dickens, Hardy’s child hood was privileged nor luxurious. His father was a stonemason and his mother provided him with his formal education. He was trained as an architect before he moved to London where he enrolled at King’s College. Because of his skills in designing, he won prizes from the Architectural Association and the Royal Institute of British architects.He discovered he also had the knack in writing, thus he began his career as a novelist. â€Å"Jude the Obscure† was Hardy’s most controversial work. It received negative reviews especially from the Victorian public because of the brutal and unsanitized depiction of sex. It was touted as â€Å"Jude the Obscene. † It also caused further strain on Hardy’s marriage to Emma Hardy because it was said that the novel was autobiographical. Scholars pointed out that Emma was Hardy’s first love, just as Sue was Jude’s. Another evidence was Emma’s obsession with religion toward the latter years of her m arriage to Hardy.Incidentally, this was Sue’s predicament on the novel as well. Inspite of the controversies, Hardy became one of the best English novelists by the 20th century. His other works â€Å"Tess of D’urbervilles† and â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge† were well-received by the public. His novels are set in Wessex, an imaginary world that covered the large area of the south-west and south England. (Harvey, 2003, p 23) He also wrote poetry and these were published after 1898 when Hardy took a break from writing novels to concentrate on his poems instead. Hardy was a hybrid of the rural and the architectural world.He understood the former because he knew this as a child and at the same time, he also adapted to the changes of the latter because of how he was trained as an architecture. The post-modernist approach that is apparent in Hardy’s works is his ability to capture the industrial revolution, particularly the ones that took place in the E nglish countryside. He also set this in the Victorian setting which makes his novels more real. (Harvey, 2003, p. 25) â€Å"It was as old fashioned as it was small, and it rested in the lap of an undulating upland adjoining the North Wessex downs.Old as it was, however, the well-shaft that was probably the only relic of the local history that remained absolutely unchanged. Many of the thatched and dormered dweeling-houses had been pulled down of late years, and many trees felled on the green. Above all, the original church, hump-backed, wood turreted-and quaintly-hipped, had been taken down, and either cracked up into heaps of road-metal in the lane, or utilized as pig-sty walls, garden seats, guard-stones to fences, and rockeries in the flower-beds of the neighbourhood.In place of it a tall new building of modern Gothic design, unfamiliar to English eyes, had been erected on a new piece of ground by a certain obliterator of historic records who had run down from London and back in a day. † That is an excerpt from â€Å"Jude the Obscure. † Another post-modernist theme that is common in Hardy’s works is his depiction of the rural life in the nineteenth century. He presents it as a fatalistic world that is filled with injustice and suffering. The lead characters in his stories are often alienated and ostracized for following their innermost desires that do not coincide with what society expects from them.He emphasizes on the power of fate, especially on the working class. He also shows the deep human instinct and will to struggle against elemental passion. Examples are Tess in â€Å"Tess of the D’urbervilles† and Jude and Sue in â€Å"Jude The Obscure. † (Morgan, 1992, p. 15) â€Å"Tess of the d’Urbervilles† was a censored novel that followed â€Å"Jude the Obscure. † It is a great classic but received mixed reviews when it was first published because like â€Å"Jude the Obscure,† it presented sex in a straightforward manner that was rarely done during that time by other writers.Hardy illustrated modernism and this was a common theme in â€Å"Tess of the d’Urbervilles. † He portrayed Tess as a woman who was able to strike the balance between the rural world and the architectural world, just as what Hardy was able to do. Hardy also discussed the separation of man from nature. In one part of the story, Angel was reduced to a skeleton when he got sick. This is an allusion to his creation of the destructive machinery. (Morgan, 1992, p. 18) There is also the double standard on sexuality which Tess had to go through.Hardy questioned and criticized the Victorian period’s perception of female purity. In the novel, Hardy made Tess suffer in order to repent for the scenes of her forefathers. This was a common belief during that time. He also presented her heroine as a sacrificial victim which symbolized her personification of mother nature. This is the similar ity Tess shares with Sue in â€Å"Jude the Obscure. † (Morgan, 1992, p. 20) â€Å"Jude the Obscure† tells the story of Jude Fawley who wishes to be a scholar. He fell in love with his cousin Sue, an intellectual who is training to become a teacher.The apparent themes in the book that are post-modernist concerns are class, religion, scholarship, marriage and the modernization of intellectual thought along with society. It also questions whether fate has an important role to a person’s life letting it lead him to where it will or the person can eventually take the reins and control his life on his own. The accidents and the details that are encountered in the stories eventually leads to the ruin of both Jude and Sue. The book also discussed loneliness and sexuality, in terms of incest. Sexuality also prevents individuals from following through with their dreams.The most controversial topic that was present in the novel is marriage and on how personal dreams could no longer be fulfilled because of that. There was also the satirical look on how living a life as sophists, intellectuals and libertines often result to the condemnation from traditional society. All these themes are post-modernist. Scholars who focused on Hardy concluded that the author loved leading his characters to their downfall as if he were a sadistic god. There are also strong autobiographical references to Hardy’s life in â€Å"Jude the Obscure.†Two important clues to this theory is that Hardy did not attend a university and the love of Jude’s life, Emma Gifford, became more and more religious. (Harvey, 2003, p. 83) Joseph Conrad is the combination of Charles Dickens’ idealism and Thomas Hardy’s realism. He was one of the best English novelists of his time. Despite being Polish born, he was recognized as a master prose because of his approach on modernist literature. His style is narrative and his characters are often anti-heroic. He has b een said to influence the lieks of Graham Greene, DH Lawrence and even Ernest Hemingway.(Orr, 1999, p 46)Conrad reflected on his experiences in the navy in his works. He wrote short stories and novels that showed areas of an empire and how it affected the human soul. Closely looking into Conrad’s life and how this affected his work, other autobiographical accounts are the clear depictions of certain parts of the world such as South American, Malay states, Borneo and Australia in some of his novels. This was because Conrad quickly became first mate and was already the master of his own ship by 1886. By the age of 36, he settled down and started writing.(Orr, 1999, p 62) â€Å"Heart of Darkness† is a novella filled with symbolisms. It is a story in a story or what the post-modernist theme describes as â€Å"frame narrative. † It is the story of Charles Marlow and his recollection of his advenutre in the Congo with a group of men. He was employed by the Belgian tra ding company to transport ivory. During this task, he then developed an interest in checking out the Kurtz. Conrad’s inspiration in writing the novel was his real-life experience in the Congo. He was there for eight and a half years before he sat down to write â€Å"Heart of Darkness.†As a matter of fact, he was captain of the Congo steamer. Therefore, there details in the novel are quite accurate because Conrad was actually there in the Congo. â€Å"I looked at him, lost in astonishment. There he was before me, in motley, as though he had absconded from a troupe of mimes, enthusiastic, fabulous. His very existence was improbable, inexplicable, and altogether bewildering. He was an insoluble problem. It was inconceivable how he had existed, how he had succeeded in getting so far, how he had managed to remain– why he did not instantly disappear.`I went a little farther,' he said, `then still a little farther–till I had gone so far that I don't know how I' ll ever get back. Never mind. Plenty time. I can manage. You take Kurtz away quick–quick–I tell you. ‘ The glamour of youth enveloped his parti-coloured rags, his destitution, his loneliness, the essential desolation of his futile wanderings. For months–for years–his life hadn't been worth a day's purchase; and there he was gallantly, thoughtlessly alive, to all appearances indestructible solely by the virtue of his few years and of his unreflecting audacity. I was seduced into something like admiration– like envy.†The previous paragraph is an excerpt of the novel which elaborates the post-modernist theme that is apparent in â€Å"Heart of Darkness. † This is the ambiguity between civilization and the barbarians. A number of characters in the novel had spiritual darkness and were looking for their morals. Those who were deemed to be barbaric turned out to be the civilized characters in the end. All throughout the novel, there is the tension between civilization and barbarism. Kurtz represented the darkness which only served as the foundation to the moral structures that are often connotated to civilization.Marlow confronted Kurtz and asked him to commit to the savagery of human instincts or to veneer in the civilization setting. Marlow was torn but between the two, it was the lastter that he couldn’t absolutely do. He was then horrified by what was in his heart. Conrad used the darkness in order to represent the unknown. Mr. Kurtz was the anti-hero of â€Å"Heart of Darkness. † Mallow’s recounts on the whole experience was also explored through the character build-up of Kurtz as well as Mallow’s interaction with the Africans.Another post-modernist theme is the novel’s regard on women’s naivety. There is also the struggle between the good and the evil in the characters. (Orr, 1999, p. 36) Conrad was an emotional man who was depressed and pessimistic. He doubted his s elf and his capabilities. He was able to discipline his craft by resorting to romantic temperament. As an artist, he focused on what could be seen and made the written word powerful by it. (Orr, 1999, p. 28) That was a post-modernist theme that was made popular by Conrad, Hardy and Dickens.Their ability to write in a style that is similar to visual arts single the three of them out as the best in prose. They create the settings of their story, be it real like that of Conrad’s Congo or fictional like that of Hardy’s Wessex. Whether they choose to have their characters be confined and isolated or out there socializing, Conrad, Hardy and Dickens could do so. Literary critics comment on the works of these three novelists and recommend them for their complex narration, pessimistic ideas, profound themes and exotic styles. However, these do not put the readers off.The ideas which Conrad, Hardy and Dickens presented way back in the 20th century are still interesting for 21st century readers. It only comes to prove that their approaches and their writing style are very modern and post-modernist. (Crook, 1991, p. 26) Modernists believed that rejecting tradition from the roots of romanticism and realism, they could make art that organized and guided individuals through the fast pace of the new century. Modernists take their cue from the Impressionists and they all believe that by redefining their art, they are able to arrange these in a modern way which anybody could relate with.Post-realist in literature emerged from the historical backdrop that was presented by the romantic period. By responding to the architectural changes going on around them, post-realist writers in the previous centuries unconsciously became modern-writers because they replaced the themes that were dominant during the period of enlightenment by listening to their emotions and by combating the widespread conventions with taboo subjects presented in a new, truthful and sordid manner.In fluenced by the constant evolution of society, modernists such as Dickens, Hardy and Conrad present their literature in a society that embraces the social truth they are in. Most of the characters in literary creations with post-modern themese are often dissatisfied but they embarked on a journey which allows them to revive the traditional elements or way of life and at the same time discover the other world out there and the new life that opens its doors for them.