Classic Post-Modernist Writers

Charles Dickens. Thomas Hardy. Joseph Conrad. During their time, they were considered to be realists because they shape their readers’ perceptions of the world. In doing so, their writings are described to be modern and post-realist. This paper will discuss their approaches and on how their works, which we discussed this semester, are classic masterpieces simply because these transcend over time. Post-realism in literature is done when subjects are depicted on the page as how they are in daily life. There is no interpretation and embellishment.They reveal the mundane truth. Most of the time, in post-realism, these truths are ugly and sordid. Therefore, during the 20th century, when these writers came up with their works, they were often criticized for discussing subjects at that time were deemed as taboo. Realism was the cultural movement that was quite popular in literature in the 1800s. It was the opposite of romanticism because it encouraged artists to present objects at th eir most real. The perceptions are undistorted by bias and it is said that realism is the objective reality.The trend reformed the cultural movements in literature and became modernized. Cultural, political and artistic movements headed this direction at the turn of the century. It confirmed the ability of human beings to improve, create, reshape and enhance their environment. The period of modernism was during 1884 to 1914. Through technology, practical knowledge and scientific experiments, individuals are able to improve their way of life. It was at its earliest stages but these three novelists were able to become masters of the technique way before their counterparts did.Modernism examined the aspect of existence. It ranged from philosophy to commerce. It allowed the readers to reflect without holding back and replaced the old methods with the new progressive techniques. It was the introduction on how the world must accept the changes that were already occurring. By embracing the se changes and retaining some traditions, the post-realist movement came into place. (Crook, 1991, p. 32) Charles Dickens is known for his storytelling and immortal characters. With this, his literary creations received worldwide popularity which readers often anticipated for as well.The demand for Dickens’ short stories and novels didn’t allow these to go out of print. He wrote serialized novels which the public eagerly waited and religiously read. Scholars who studied why Dickens’ stories could reach out to his readers discovered that the author’s childhood influenced his fiction. These innocent experiences assisted him in bringing these stories to life. His writing style is poetic because it combines fantasy and realism which allows readers to shift from one to the other. He was also inspired by the gothic romance theme that was made popular in the 18th century.The downside to this writing style is that some of his characters are grotesque that they of ten overpower the stories. (Glancy, 1999, p 45) â€Å"Dombey sat in the corner of the darkened room in the great arm-chair by the bedside, and Son lay tucked up warm in a little basket bedstead, carefully disposed on a low settee immediately in front of the fire and close to it, as if his constitution were analogous to that of a muffin, and it was essential to toast him brown while he was very new. Dombey was about eight-and-forty years of age. Son about eight-and-forty minutes.Dombey was rather bald, rather red, and though a handsome well-made man, too stern and pompous in appearance, to be prepossessing. Son was very bald, and very red, and though (of course) an undeniably fine infant, somewhat crushed and spotty in his general effect, as yet. † The two paragraphs are from the first chapter of Dickens’ â€Å"Dombey and Son. † Dickens was an active participant in social concerns and such themes were rooted in this novel. Examples were marriages being arranged a s if it were financial partnerships. Other themes were familial relationships and child cruelty.A factor that made Dickens’ works post-modernist is his take on social commentaries. He often wrote about poverty, specifically the social stratification in the Victorian society. The approach Dickens often utilized is presenting the incidences through caricatures in order to present the readers the social truth. (Glancy, 1999, p. 53) Another post-modernist theme is that Dickens often highlighted his idealism through the poignant social commentaries of his novels. A number of his novels discussed social realism and concentrated on the mechanisms of the social control which directed the lives of the individuals.He used coincidences which only showed how idealistic his works were. Thomas Hardy is Dickens’ exact opposite. He is a realist in the sense that his novels often ends in a tragic note. Hardy was an English novelist, writer and poet. Unlike Dickens, Hardy’s child hood was privileged nor luxurious. His father was a stonemason and his mother provided him with his formal education. He was trained as an architect before he moved to London where he enrolled at King’s College. Because of his skills in designing, he won prizes from the Architectural Association and the Royal Institute of British architects.He discovered he also had the knack in writing, thus he began his career as a novelist. â€Å"Jude the Obscure† was Hardy’s most controversial work. It received negative reviews especially from the Victorian public because of the brutal and unsanitized depiction of sex. It was touted as â€Å"Jude the Obscene. † It also caused further strain on Hardy’s marriage to Emma Hardy because it was said that the novel was autobiographical. Scholars pointed out that Emma was Hardy’s first love, just as Sue was Jude’s. Another evidence was Emma’s obsession with religion toward the latter years of her m arriage to Hardy.Incidentally, this was Sue’s predicament on the novel as well. Inspite of the controversies, Hardy became one of the best English novelists by the 20th century. His other works â€Å"Tess of D’urbervilles† and â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge† were well-received by the public. His novels are set in Wessex, an imaginary world that covered the large area of the south-west and south England. (Harvey, 2003, p 23) He also wrote poetry and these were published after 1898 when Hardy took a break from writing novels to concentrate on his poems instead. Hardy was a hybrid of the rural and the architectural world.He understood the former because he knew this as a child and at the same time, he also adapted to the changes of the latter because of how he was trained as an architecture. The post-modernist approach that is apparent in Hardy’s works is his ability to capture the industrial revolution, particularly the ones that took place in the E nglish countryside. He also set this in the Victorian setting which makes his novels more real. (Harvey, 2003, p. 25) â€Å"It was as old fashioned as it was small, and it rested in the lap of an undulating upland adjoining the North Wessex downs.Old as it was, however, the well-shaft that was probably the only relic of the local history that remained absolutely unchanged. Many of the thatched and dormered dweeling-houses had been pulled down of late years, and many trees felled on the green. Above all, the original church, hump-backed, wood turreted-and quaintly-hipped, had been taken down, and either cracked up into heaps of road-metal in the lane, or utilized as pig-sty walls, garden seats, guard-stones to fences, and rockeries in the flower-beds of the neighbourhood.In place of it a tall new building of modern Gothic design, unfamiliar to English eyes, had been erected on a new piece of ground by a certain obliterator of historic records who had run down from London and back in a day. † That is an excerpt from â€Å"Jude the Obscure. † Another post-modernist theme that is common in Hardy’s works is his depiction of the rural life in the nineteenth century. He presents it as a fatalistic world that is filled with injustice and suffering. The lead characters in his stories are often alienated and ostracized for following their innermost desires that do not coincide with what society expects from them.He emphasizes on the power of fate, especially on the working class. He also shows the deep human instinct and will to struggle against elemental passion. Examples are Tess in â€Å"Tess of the D’urbervilles† and Jude and Sue in â€Å"Jude The Obscure. † (Morgan, 1992, p. 15) â€Å"Tess of the d’Urbervilles† was a censored novel that followed â€Å"Jude the Obscure. † It is a great classic but received mixed reviews when it was first published because like â€Å"Jude the Obscure,† it presented sex in a straightforward manner that was rarely done during that time by other writers.Hardy illustrated modernism and this was a common theme in â€Å"Tess of the d’Urbervilles. † He portrayed Tess as a woman who was able to strike the balance between the rural world and the architectural world, just as what Hardy was able to do. Hardy also discussed the separation of man from nature. In one part of the story, Angel was reduced to a skeleton when he got sick. This is an allusion to his creation of the destructive machinery. (Morgan, 1992, p. 18) There is also the double standard on sexuality which Tess had to go through.Hardy questioned and criticized the Victorian period’s perception of female purity. In the novel, Hardy made Tess suffer in order to repent for the scenes of her forefathers. This was a common belief during that time. He also presented her heroine as a sacrificial victim which symbolized her personification of mother nature. This is the similar ity Tess shares with Sue in â€Å"Jude the Obscure. † (Morgan, 1992, p. 20) â€Å"Jude the Obscure† tells the story of Jude Fawley who wishes to be a scholar. He fell in love with his cousin Sue, an intellectual who is training to become a teacher.The apparent themes in the book that are post-modernist concerns are class, religion, scholarship, marriage and the modernization of intellectual thought along with society. It also questions whether fate has an important role to a person’s life letting it lead him to where it will or the person can eventually take the reins and control his life on his own. The accidents and the details that are encountered in the stories eventually leads to the ruin of both Jude and Sue. The book also discussed loneliness and sexuality, in terms of incest. Sexuality also prevents individuals from following through with their dreams.The most controversial topic that was present in the novel is marriage and on how personal dreams could no longer be fulfilled because of that. There was also the satirical look on how living a life as sophists, intellectuals and libertines often result to the condemnation from traditional society. All these themes are post-modernist. Scholars who focused on Hardy concluded that the author loved leading his characters to their downfall as if he were a sadistic god. There are also strong autobiographical references to Hardy’s life in â€Å"Jude the Obscure.†Two important clues to this theory is that Hardy did not attend a university and the love of Jude’s life, Emma Gifford, became more and more religious. (Harvey, 2003, p. 83) Joseph Conrad is the combination of Charles Dickens’ idealism and Thomas Hardy’s realism. He was one of the best English novelists of his time. Despite being Polish born, he was recognized as a master prose because of his approach on modernist literature. His style is narrative and his characters are often anti-heroic. He has b een said to influence the lieks of Graham Greene, DH Lawrence and even Ernest Hemingway.(Orr, 1999, p 46)Conrad reflected on his experiences in the navy in his works. He wrote short stories and novels that showed areas of an empire and how it affected the human soul. Closely looking into Conrad’s life and how this affected his work, other autobiographical accounts are the clear depictions of certain parts of the world such as South American, Malay states, Borneo and Australia in some of his novels. This was because Conrad quickly became first mate and was already the master of his own ship by 1886. By the age of 36, he settled down and started writing.(Orr, 1999, p 62) â€Å"Heart of Darkness† is a novella filled with symbolisms. It is a story in a story or what the post-modernist theme describes as â€Å"frame narrative. † It is the story of Charles Marlow and his recollection of his advenutre in the Congo with a group of men. He was employed by the Belgian tra ding company to transport ivory. During this task, he then developed an interest in checking out the Kurtz. Conrad’s inspiration in writing the novel was his real-life experience in the Congo. He was there for eight and a half years before he sat down to write â€Å"Heart of Darkness.†As a matter of fact, he was captain of the Congo steamer. Therefore, there details in the novel are quite accurate because Conrad was actually there in the Congo. â€Å"I looked at him, lost in astonishment. There he was before me, in motley, as though he had absconded from a troupe of mimes, enthusiastic, fabulous. His very existence was improbable, inexplicable, and altogether bewildering. He was an insoluble problem. It was inconceivable how he had existed, how he had succeeded in getting so far, how he had managed to remain– why he did not instantly disappear.`I went a little farther,' he said, `then still a little farther–till I had gone so far that I don't know how I' ll ever get back. Never mind. Plenty time. I can manage. You take Kurtz away quick–quick–I tell you. ‘ The glamour of youth enveloped his parti-coloured rags, his destitution, his loneliness, the essential desolation of his futile wanderings. For months–for years–his life hadn't been worth a day's purchase; and there he was gallantly, thoughtlessly alive, to all appearances indestructible solely by the virtue of his few years and of his unreflecting audacity. I was seduced into something like admiration– like envy.†The previous paragraph is an excerpt of the novel which elaborates the post-modernist theme that is apparent in â€Å"Heart of Darkness. † This is the ambiguity between civilization and the barbarians. A number of characters in the novel had spiritual darkness and were looking for their morals. Those who were deemed to be barbaric turned out to be the civilized characters in the end. All throughout the novel, there is the tension between civilization and barbarism. Kurtz represented the darkness which only served as the foundation to the moral structures that are often connotated to civilization.Marlow confronted Kurtz and asked him to commit to the savagery of human instincts or to veneer in the civilization setting. Marlow was torn but between the two, it was the lastter that he couldn’t absolutely do. He was then horrified by what was in his heart. Conrad used the darkness in order to represent the unknown. Mr. Kurtz was the anti-hero of â€Å"Heart of Darkness. † Mallow’s recounts on the whole experience was also explored through the character build-up of Kurtz as well as Mallow’s interaction with the Africans.Another post-modernist theme is the novel’s regard on women’s naivety. There is also the struggle between the good and the evil in the characters. (Orr, 1999, p. 36) Conrad was an emotional man who was depressed and pessimistic. He doubted his s elf and his capabilities. He was able to discipline his craft by resorting to romantic temperament. As an artist, he focused on what could be seen and made the written word powerful by it. (Orr, 1999, p. 28) That was a post-modernist theme that was made popular by Conrad, Hardy and Dickens.Their ability to write in a style that is similar to visual arts single the three of them out as the best in prose. They create the settings of their story, be it real like that of Conrad’s Congo or fictional like that of Hardy’s Wessex. Whether they choose to have their characters be confined and isolated or out there socializing, Conrad, Hardy and Dickens could do so. Literary critics comment on the works of these three novelists and recommend them for their complex narration, pessimistic ideas, profound themes and exotic styles. However, these do not put the readers off.The ideas which Conrad, Hardy and Dickens presented way back in the 20th century are still interesting for 21st century readers. It only comes to prove that their approaches and their writing style are very modern and post-modernist. (Crook, 1991, p. 26) Modernists believed that rejecting tradition from the roots of romanticism and realism, they could make art that organized and guided individuals through the fast pace of the new century. Modernists take their cue from the Impressionists and they all believe that by redefining their art, they are able to arrange these in a modern way which anybody could relate with.Post-realist in literature emerged from the historical backdrop that was presented by the romantic period. By responding to the architectural changes going on around them, post-realist writers in the previous centuries unconsciously became modern-writers because they replaced the themes that were dominant during the period of enlightenment by listening to their emotions and by combating the widespread conventions with taboo subjects presented in a new, truthful and sordid manner.In fluenced by the constant evolution of society, modernists such as Dickens, Hardy and Conrad present their literature in a society that embraces the social truth they are in. Most of the characters in literary creations with post-modern themese are often dissatisfied but they embarked on a journey which allows them to revive the traditional elements or way of life and at the same time discover the other world out there and the new life that opens its doors for them.

Rhetorical Analysis of the Declaration of Independence Essay

In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of the United States, explains to his readers why the colonies chose to abolish Great Britain’s government. His goal is to inform the readers that the government has certain responsibilities to the governed and that the British failed to adhere to its responsibilities to its colonists. His second goal is to justify their actions by explaining why it was not considered treason. By establishing his credibility and appealing to ethos, pathos and logos, Jefferson successfully wrote an informative, impactful, and inspirational document. In order for Jefferson to earn his readers’ support, he needs to establish his credibility. He does so by stating that â€Å"it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands† and â€Å"a decent respect to the opinions of mankind.† By acknowledging his needs of explaining to his educated readers the reasons for the coloniesâ€℠¢ actions, he shows them that he is an intelligent man of good character and good intentions. In the second paragraph, Jefferson stated â€Å"Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to emphasize that he is cautious and reasonable. Before listing the grievances, he stated â€Å"let Facts be submitted to a candid world.† He wishes to share them to an honest and sincere world to establish a common ground with the audience. After listing the grievances, he guaranteed the readers of the colonists’ honest efforts to fix the conflict without having to separate by asserting â€Å"We have petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only repeated injury.† He continues by affirming that the colonists have tried to appeal to the King and â€Å"our British brethren.† His usage of the word â€Å"brethren† shows that he is humble, respectful, and good willed. He concludes the declaration with an honorable avowal which states that the representatives of the United States of America are willing to pledge â€Å"our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor† for the principles spoken in the declaration. In Jefferson’s declaration, both the organization and the use of logic are effective and adequate. He begins with the colonistsâ €™Â  fundamental beliefs that â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights.† He addresses that the role of the government is to secure and protect the rights of the people. As he proceeds, he states that if the government fails to â€Å"secure these rights,† then â€Å"it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and institute new Government.† Jefferson then creates a list of ways in which the British government has violated and stripped the colonists of their rights. Through the inductive proof, he explains the reason in which the colonists must become independent from Britain to gain freedom and to be treated fairly. The list of grievances strongly appeals to his audience’s emotions. Jefferson utilizes a powerful, emotional diction to implement the colonists’ sentiments toward the King’s character into his writing. He uses certain words such as tyrants, invasions, murders, abdicated, death, desolation, cruelty, barbarous, and destruction. These words make the audience establish a sympathetic feeling towards the colonists and that the King is â€Å"totally unworthy [to be] the Head of a civilized nation† and â€Å"unfit to be the ruler of a free people.† Jefferson emphatically proves the injustice and brutality of the King and Parliament. Based on the Declaration of Independence, Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolution to express freedom to the American public for equality with men under the law, in education and employment. Stanton explains to her readers why depriving women from their rights is unconstitutional and unjust. Her first goal is to convince the men and women of the United States in the support of women’s rights movement. . Her second goal is to demand the rights of women as right-bearing individuals be recognized and respected by society. By utilizing logical argument, establishing her credibility and appealing to the audience’s emotions, Stanton is able to convey a sense of endorsement. Stanton modeled her declaration with the Declaration of Independence to illustrate that her list of logical arguments are simple and clear. She states that â€Å"we hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to address that every human being is created with the same qualities; thus, women should not be treated differently. She understands that her audience knows the â€Å"inalienable rights† that the  government must protect and secure. Believing in this belief, Stanton wants the audience to question why women are not awarded with rights when both sexes are claimed to have been given by the Creator. Her references to religion effectively force the audience to believe that the laws created by the government displease God and his law of equality. Stanton proceeds to list the grievances that women experienced in the United States. Her use of diction and syntax evoke certain emotions out of the audience. Similar to the Declarati on of Independence, Stanton uses repetition in her list to emphasize and impact the audience emotionally. In the list, Stanton states that â€Å"he has monopolized nearly all the profitable employments†¦she receives but a scanty remuneration.† This is one of the oppression that effectively appeals to the audience’s emotion. She wants her readers to feel sympathy over what it is like to work tirelessly for long hours to not being able to keep the money. Stanton uses powerful languages such as â€Å"civilly dead† and â€Å"long train of abuses and usurpations† to persuade the audience to see her point and join the movement. For Stanton’s argument to work, she has to earn her readers’ trust. She knows that most of the women will support her demands; however, she especially needs to gain the support from men for the argument to be more effective. She establishes credibility by utilizing similar words from the Declaration of Independence to demonstrate that she is intelligent. In the last paragraph, she states â€Å"we insist that they have imme diate admission to all the rights and privileges†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to show that she is humble and courteous. She is not asking to take anything from men, but rather she is simply insisting that women get the same rights as men. Both drafts consist of definite logical arguments, well-organized ethical and powerful emotional appeals. Thomas Jefferson and Elizabeth Cady Stanton successfully utilize a wide range of elements to draw the audience and convince them to support their cause. Their passion and determination to gain freedom while experiencing the obstacle of unequal rights were strongly expressed in their writings. Although rhetoric is used by many to create a negative connotation, authors utilize rhetorical strategies to achieve their purpose of persuading or informing an argument. Thomas Jefferson was able to eloquently draft an inspirational and resounding declaration formed the basis for the American Revolution. His declaration became a significant role model for other countries and people who were experiencing similar conflicts  such as France and women. By implementing rhetorical devices, he was able to convince many Americans that independence, which they first apprehended as evil, was in truth a benediction.

Social And Economic Implications Is Represented By Karl...

One of the philosophical concepts which managed to mark the world and its history through its deep political, social and economic implications is represented by Karl Marx’s principle of alienation. A very harsh interpretation of the social and economic reality which he lived in, this theory was the basis for new political ideologies which, unfortunately, latter in time led to consequences that Marx would have surely disapproved of. While his view was socialist, the philosopher also supported the existence of a political democracy. On the one hand, the individual had to be helped in his endeavours and be provided with all his rights and liberties. On the other hand, the individual had to assert his freedom through the exercise of his rights. In other words, humans must be aware of their own condition as well as of the world which surrounds them and the facts which occur, decide what are the best actions to be performed and last, but not least perform them. Alienation, definition The alienation is a process through which things which belong together through their nature get to be separated. The term is used in order to describe the actions through which a relation of antagonism is created between entities which would normally coexist in peace and harmony. Marx applies this concept in a specific area and he states that what occurs in today’s’ world is a general estrangement of the people caused by the capitalistic society. In order to better understand how this occurs, weShow MoreRelatedBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesthat includes the Christian and Neo-Platonist philosophers. The most important of the ancient philosophers (in terms of subsequent influence) are Plato and Aristotle[7]. The themes of ancient philosophy are: understanding the fundamental causes and principles of the universe; explaining it in an economical and uniform way; the epistemological problem of reconciling the diversity and change of the natural universe, with the possibility of obtaining fixed and certain knowledge about it; questions aboutRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 PagesThe philosophy that encompasses the absurd is referred to as  absurdism. While absurdism may be considered a branch of existentialism, it is a specific idea that is not necessary to an existentialist view. * It s easy to highlight the absurdity of the human quest for purpose. It s common to assume that everything must have a purpose, a higher reason for existence. However, if one thing has a higher purpose, what is the reason for that purpose? Each new height must then be validated by a higherRead MoreHistory of Work Ethic8363 Words   |  34 Pagesrequired a person to use practical thinking, brutalizing the mind till it was unfit for thinking of truth (Tilgher, 1930, p. 4). Skilled crafts were accepted and recognized as having some social value, but were not regarded as much better than work appropriate for slaves. Hard work, whether due to economic need or under the orders of a master, was disdained. It was recognized that work was necessary for the satisfaction of material needs, but philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle made itRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagescultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the structure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period corresponds with so much that was happening around the world. Rastas could tell that social unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and, having heard Marcus Garvey speak of theRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagespreparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to rev iew in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

The Hidden History Of People With Disabilities Essay

Having a disability can be very complex and hard to understand. Disability is an individual performing which includes physical, sensory, cognitive, intellectual mental illness impairments, and various types of chronic diseases. Living with a long lasting health condition presents many challenges and learning how to meet those challenges is a process that doesn t happen right away. In the except P.H.*reaks: The Hidden History of People with Disabilities, the playwrights recapitulates on characters who all face some type of disability and it demonstrates perceptions towards disability that have varied significantly from one period of time to another. However, disability is not the impairment itself, but rather attitudes and environmental barriers that result in disability. In one of the plays during the 17th century in the excerpt P.H.*reaks: One of the few ways in which disabled people have always been able to earn a living is via the freakshow. 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Review of Literature for Poverty Measurements - 1668 Words

Literature Review From the time of independence, India has been suffering from acute poverty, most of it is chronic in nature. If we look at the percentage of people below the poverty line, we do notice a sharp fall, but the absolute number remains increasing at a high rate. The situation keeps aggravating despite of several poverty alleviation programs that are implemented every year. The main reason for such failure, apart from the implementation issues, would be the measurement and numbers on which these programs are based. Appropriate measurement is central to analyzing and understanding poverty and its alleviation. Joshi P.D. (1997) identifies the methods and indices used for measuring the magnitude and extent of poverty are not†¦show more content†¦(Ghosh J, 2010) The qualitative measures of poverty and wellbeing are also widely criticized by researchers who follow positive research paradigm on the ground that the relation between participatory exercises and the project or plans to alleviate poverty is often remote. Also there are factors like heterogeneity, ambiguity in responses, truthfulness etc. Hayati D. Et al., ( 2004) however recognizes that there is yet another group of researchers who think that both qualitative and quantitative approaches can be used simultaneously to answer a research question. For example, Poverty Measurement Index (PMI) is one such index. The PMI explicitly accommodates the multidimensionality of poverty. In the PMI construction process, poverty is viewed as a multidimensional and complex socio-economic state that relates to many aspects of household living. Bailey J. makes out that in adopting such an approach, it is necessary to extend the net so as to cover wider dimensions of well-being using non-conventional indicators of psychosocial and mental health, and environmental, relational and subjective components. In addition to this there should be an appropriate use of econometric and mathematical tools in order to quantify the variables. Tiwari M, (2008) argues that some researchers emphasizes on the qualitative and holistic approach to measure poverty.A more holistic understanding of poverty and wellbeing will have importantShow MoreRelatedNigeria Literature1569 Words   |  7 PagesThe researcher sourced materials from literatures published from 2000-2015, with the exception of press articles (which were excluded owing to time constraints on the project) were included in the review. The review was carried out in a methodical manner using the three main secondary sources to find literature: electronic databases using Google; as well as search functions of journals, reports and publications; and government websites where relevant literature where identified through content analysisRead MoreEconomic models for peace, growth and poverty alleviation and resolution of con√ °ict in Nepal, July 2010-July 20113073 Words   |  13 PagesAn Example of a Research Proposal Economic models for peace, growth and poverty alleviation and resolution of con†¡ in Nepal, July 2010-July 2011 ict Poverty and inequality in Nepal has increased substantially in the last two decades. Major reason for this is the failure of the economy to grow because of internal con†¡ and political ict instability. 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It is under these conditions that roadblocks canRead MoreThe Rate Of Poverty Among Elderly Receiving State Pension Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2015 The Jersey Household Income Distribution Survey reported that there are approximately 4900 pensioners living in poverty -described as relative low income (after the housing cost) -who excl usively rely on the Jersey State`s pension and have no other source of income except Income Support contributions. It meant that one in every three pensioners struggled to meet basic needs such as housing, food, heating or paying other necessary bills. This figure equated to 28% of all OAPs in Jersey, andRead MoreThe Millenium Declaration Goals 20001758 Words   |  7 Pagesextreme poverty and hunger 2. Achievement of universal primary education 3. Promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women, 4. Reduction of child mortality 5. Improvement in maternal health 6. Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, 7. Ensuring environmental sustainability and 8. Develop a global partnership for development. The accomplishing focus of these objectives is until 2015. Subsequently such advancement methodologies are critical to meet these objectives. Poverty is seriousRead MoreCorrelation Between Income Inequality And Homicide Rates1276 Words   |  6 Pages Income inequality is one factor related to quality of life and higher rates of crimes. Economic struggle and poverty may lead to other problems such as drug abuse, dissolution of family bonds, and even crimes. When communities with higher economic problems don’t have access to enough resources to educate their youth, they cannot fight the social disorganization. People living in poverty are disadvantaged and cannot sustain their basic needs and therefore, they tend to commit violent crimes in orderRead MoreConventional Wisdom Dictates That Improving Agricultural Productivity951 Words   |  4 Pagesproductivity, either through irrigation projects or the introduction of genetically modified crops, is the key step in ending rural poverty in sub-Saharan poverty. Our research overturns this assumption. By using a global poverty map and standard soil productivity measures , we find that the regions in sub-Saharan Africa with better soil quality actually experience higher rates of poverty. Our dataset consisted of 5334 subnational units from 46 sub-Saharan African countries. For soil quality, we used a seven-dimensionRead More Micro-finance and its Impact on Poverty948 Words   |  4 PagesDespite the growing body of literatures about the microfinance and its impact on poverty, there are counter growing criticisms against microfinance in issues such as reaching the poor, unchanged poverty level, high interest rate, brutality in repayment processes, financial sustainability, and women empowerment. (Hossain, 2010). In terms of poverty reduction and reaching the poor people, the studies edited by (Hulme Mosley, 1996) on the impact of microfinance on poverty found that poor people doRead MoreSocial And Social Learning Theory1553 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy was to improve the measurements and analytical approaches in the research of the Social Learning Theory as it relates to parent and peer reinforcements with regard to criminal acts, namely theft and marijuana use. Osgood and Anderson’s review investigated unstructured socializing and rates of delinquency concerning key themes of the Social Disorganization Theory. In regard to the Social Disorganization Theory, Welsh, Greene, and Jenkins study revealed community poverty and individual characteristicsRead MoreThe Role Of Economic Development As Measured Through Levels1485 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious studies, I have concluded that when regarding â€Å"gender empowerment† it is specific to the empowerment of women It is hypothesi zed that increased economic development will display higher levels of gender empowerment. The following three literature reviews will demonstrate and support the hypothesis. The first article, Gender Inequality, Income, and Growth: Are Good Times Good for Women? by David Dollar and Roberta Gotti, is a cumulated work that was published by The World Bank under the Development

Law of Business Organization Principles and Guidance

Question: Describe about the Law of Business Organization for Principles and Guidance. Answer: Historical background and reason for their inclusion in the Corporation Act. The Corporation act is the act of the Commonwealth of Australia. This act can also be called as corporation act. This act deals with the laws that s to be followed by every business organizations of Australia. This act contents the laws which mainly focused in company starting from the registration to its winding up and some other provisions. The main reason of forming of the said act is the famous decision made in the case of New South Wales v Commonwealth, (Laws, 2016). Section 198A Sec.198A of the Corporation Act contents the powers of the directors. No director has any individual power and cannot execute the same (Federal Register of Legislation, 2016). The Board of directors has the authority to exercise all such powers and can do all such works as the company is authorized to do. The directors are the agents of the company. An individual director can only execute his power only if the Board delegates any authority to that director. The main power of the directors is that they have the complete authority to control the business affair of the company and are responsible for the same. The directors collectively called the Board of directors have the power to fill up the vacancy of the board by appointing a director. The other powers are that the board can issue shares and debentures and can fixed the rate of per share, they can also make loan for the business purpose and can do any act to the limit of their authority for the business purpose. The main reason to incorporate this act in the statute is that this will help the internal management to work smoothly which will increase the business of the company. Section 191 Duty of the directors has been mentioned in the section 191 of the Corporation Act (ASIC, 2016). The duties of the directors which they are expected to follow are: They have to attend the meetings of the board regularly. They should not go beyond their authority to perform any action. They should disclose any material fact in which he is having any personal interest and also is related to the company affairs to other directors, provided he acts as a guarantor to the company or is related to his remuneration. If he fails in doing so, he will be liable of breach of trust and of negligence. This section has been included in the act in order to maintain the trust amongst the directors which will impliedly save the assets of the company from being ruined because of some kind of personal interest, (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2016). Section 250R (1) (2) This particular section of the act deals about the business of the AGM (Annual General Meeting). Annual general meeting is held to discuss about a specified matter (Mkysugar, 2016). The notice of the AGM should be given to every members of the board which should specify the matter to be discussed. The AGM is to be held during the office hours. In the AGM, the annual report of the company by the auditors, financial report of the company for a particular year, director report, are to be discussed by the board. Any other relevant matter which is beneficiary for the company is also expected to be discussed. In the AGM of a listed company, there must be vote for the discussion over the remuneration report. This section helps to maintain transparency between the directors of the company with other officers which helps in smooth running of the business. Reference: ASIC (2016) Insolvency for directors, [Online], Available: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/. Australian Institute of Company Directors (2016) Good Governance Principles and Guidance for NFP Organisations, [Online], Available: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/Director-Resource-Centre/Not-for-profit/Good-Governance-Principles-and-Guidance-for-NFP-Organisations. Federal Register of Legislation (2016) Corporations Act 2001, [Online], Available: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2014C00519. LAWS (2016) CORPORATIONS ACT 2001, [Online], Available: https://corporate.laws.com/corporations-act-2001. Mkysugar (2016) Corporation Act 2001, [Online], Available: https://mkysugar.com.au/.

Nice Manager Essays - Human Resource Management,

Nice Manager Introduction The organizational issue that will be addressed is the managements perception of nice as one of the critical hiring criteria. There are other relevant criteria that this human resource team should be focusing on rather than focusing on whether a manager is nice. How the human resource (HR) team conduct research on whether Mr. Harry Creighton qualifies as a potential candidate for the manager position. They discover that he has great qualities to be an effective manager. However, they do not have some concerns that he may not be able to fit the managers seat. The pending action for Chisum Industries management team is hiring senior management to support the organizational growth. Before the team can decide who to hire for this managers position, a set of criteria should be decided on in order to properly select the best candidate for the position. Part of the organizational growth is building a solid foundation which entails individuals who will be an effective manager who can lead a team and promote higher staff performance. Analysis One of the organizational issue is the perception of nice as a critical criteria for the hiring process. This is an issue because how the human resource (HR) team perceive the meaning of nice could possibly hinder Mr. Creighton from getting a promotion within the organization. The HR team is perceiving Mr. Creighton possibly unqualified because he is nice. The HR team is interpreting nice as a bad thing because it shows that he is unable to delegate directives to his team and allow them to accomplish the task alone. The team is perceiving these criteria through halo effect which is grouping the qualities and focus on only one possible bad quality instead of looking at the full picture of qualities that is being presented (Walker, 2007). HR could be missing on a great candidate due to one possible bad quality that can be changed through training. The HR team feels that Mr. Creighton has exhibited various qualities to become a manager. He was able to reverse the low morale and encourage staff to produce high team performance. This exemplifies his transformational leadership skills as well as high emotional intelligence skills. Transformational leaders are those who works towards improving their staff success by influencing their work values and needs (Alston, Dastoor, Emotional intelligence is when an individual acknowledges their emotions and control it as well as acknowledges their staffs emotions and can objectively channel it to be conducive to the organizational goals (Alston, Dastoor, This is a very important leadership style and one of the technique to have in order to be an effective manager. Solutions There are two possible solutions for Chisum Industries to resolve the issue of perceptions of nice as a criteria in the hiring process; first solution is conduct a 2nd interview in person to evaluate his leadership skills and testing his level of emotional intelligence. The second solution is review the exam with the potential candidates written responses that were provided on a real-life scenarios. In the first solution, it would provide candidates to make a first impression which is what will stick in peoples mind. During this 2nd interview, the potential candidates can wow the HR team through facial expressions, body language, and how they present themselves within a group of people (Walker, 2007). The HR team will be able to ask all the questions that gears to real-life scenarios to get a better understanding on how the candidate will actually handle various life situations. The candidates are able to express how they feel and how they would truly handle the situations. In the second solution, the HR team should review the answers to the questions that were asked of the potential candidates. These questions could be tailored to the type of leadership style that will be practiced. However, the HR team will not be provided with the visions of the candidates; but just be a vision on paper. How the candidates answers the questions are imperative to whether they are chosen for a promotion. It is sometimes difficult to deliver the true you in written form since it can perceive a certain way as oppose